Vietnam War -Students Vs Politics Essay - 1053 Words

I have seen war. I have seen war on land and sea. I have seen blood running from the wounded... I have seen the dead in the mud. I have seen cities destroyed... I have seen children starving. I have seen the agony of mothers and wives. I hate war. - Dwight D Eisenhower Over the years history is marked with death and destruction in many forms. The 1960’s marked an era of change and social revolution for many in the U.S... It was during this time that the Civil Rights Movement was in full force, American Scientist were able to put the first man on the moon, and our world was still grieving over the brutal assassinations of both Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and President John F. Kennedy. It was also during this time that our†¦show more content†¦... And at that time I warned that if I included that if increased enemy activity in any of these areas endangered the lives of Americans remaining in Vietnam, I would not hesitate to take strong and effective measures to deal with that situation. Despite that warning, North Vietnam has increased its military aggression in all these areas, and particularly in Cambodia.... ... Cambodia, as a result of this, has sent out a call to the United States, to a number of other nations, for assistance. Because if this enemy effort succeeds, Cambodia would become a vast enemy staging area and a springboard for attacks on South Vietnam along 600 miles of frontier: a refuge where enemy troops could return from combat without fear of retaliation.... ... Tonight, American and South Vietnamese units will attack the headquarters for the entire Communist military operation in South Vietnam. The key control centre has been occupied by the North Vietnamese and Vietcong for five years in blatant violation of Cambodias neutrality.... ... I realize in this war there are honest deep differences in this country about whether we should have become involved, that there are differences to how the war should have been conducted. But the decision I announce tonight transcends those differences, for the lives of American men are involved. The opportunity for 150,000 Americans to come home in the next 12 months is involved. The future of 18 million peopleShow MoreRelatedSocial Changes During The 1960 S1254 Words   |  6 PagesRights Movement, and a rebellious counterculture. The political changes of this time period were embodied by the continuation and extension of the Vietnam War, new laws pertaining to civil rights, and the emergence of a the New Left. Economic changes during the 1960’s included a rise of inflation, the government spending exorbitant amounts of money on the war effort, and tax cuts. In the 1960’s, the social environment of the United States was changing more than in the last half century. One of theRead MoreThe 1950s and the 1960s900 Words   |  4 Pagesinclude: the politics, the economy, the society, and the culture of both decades. In the 1950s, North Korea moved into South Korea and began a civil war between the two parallel countries. The reason for this dispute was the border lines as well as guerrilla fighting in the South, which created a greater tension on the issue. The reason why the U.S entered the Korean War was so that the Soviet Union would not gain another nation and, in turn, more power. Like the 50s, our country was also at war with anotherRead MoreThe Vietnam War Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesThe Vietnam War Student unrest and the Vietnam War In the middle 1960s, every male in America had to register for Selective Service Draft at age 18. He would then be eligible for the draft and could be inducted into the Army for a period of two years. If you were a college student, you could receive a deferment and would be able to finish college without the fear of being drafted. 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The most controversial aspect of the Vietnam War is certainly thatRead MoreThe Life Of Mr. Mishler s Room During Twelfth Hour1865 Words   |  8 Pageswhat to wear, what to sing and how to sing it......the only way they can rebel against their horrible stifling treatment is by making a statement with what is theirs. Think about it. Nirvana didn t do ANYTHING for fun...it was all about their David vs. Goliath position against Corporate Music. Why do you think they didn t wash their hair? They didn t care to start the grunge movement...they wanted out of their contract. Other bands had similar acts of rebellion, but the problem was that audiencesRead MoreAmerican Youth in the 1960s1593 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica has in a short time been established as a nation that symbolizes acceptance and change. It has progressed into a country of equality that finds its foundation in its personal freedoms and the progressive movement of technology, politics, economics, social views, ethics and so forth since the American Revolution. It has been changing rapidly since the influx of immigrants that came here before the Revolution. The 1950s were a happy time. I Love Lucy and Leave It To Beaver were on televisionRead MoreHistory, Politics, And Sociology Of Education3391 Words   |  14 Pagesdevelopments since 1960 in three of the areas we have studied so far (politics, history, sociology, anthropology, or philosophy). Conclude your response with a brief reflection on the driving forces behind the major trends / developments you identified. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the various developments in the field of education in the United States since 1960 through three different perspectives: History, Politics, and sociology. These three disciplines known as aspects of

Q the Rise of Nationalism Was the Most Important Factor...

Q: The rise of nationalism was the most important factor leading to World War I. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. I agree that the rise of nationalism was the most important factor leading to World War I as it increased tensions among Serbia and Austria-Hungary resulting in the direct cause of World War I. The Balkan crisis’s in 1908 and 1912-13 involving the annexing of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary. Serbia wanted to expand into the Adriatic Sea as a result of the second Balkan crisis but was denied by Austria-Hungary. Serbia was supported by Russia who however was forced to back down by Germany. Also, as a result of the annexing and rising political tensions between both countries, a Serbian†¦show more content†¦This shows that the alliances formed between countries led to them coming to the aid of each other, resulting in the whole of Europe being entangled in World War I as the result of the disagreement between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. Therefore I disagree with the statement as I feel that alliances in action is an important factor which led to World War I. I agree with the statement to a greater extent as nationalism is the root cause of World War I therefore a more important factor than imperialism or alliances in action. With nationalism, came the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, and even though not all the European countries were obligated to come to anyone’s aid, the war would most probably have engulfed other countries around regardless of whether they were willing or not. Therefore I agree with the statement to a greater extent and feel that nationalism is the most important factor leading to World WarShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesCritical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th Read MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesRastafari This page intentionally left blank Rastafari From Outcasts to Culture Bearers Ennis Barrington Edmonds 2003 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata KualaRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesContemporary Issues in Management Accounting This page intentionally left blank Contemporary Issues in Management Accounting Edited by ALNOOR BHIMANI 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico

How Technology Changed Society Free Essays

Through the years, we’ve watched technology grow like a child budding into adulthood: It starts out mostly crying and pooping, then crawling, gradually learning to walk, and finally able to run at a speed we all wish we could keep up with. We’ve seen technology fail, and we’ve seen it succeed. We’ve poked fun at it when it doesn’t make sense, and we’ve praised it when it’s absolutely brilliant. We will write a custom essay sample on How Technology Changed Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now We’ve yelled at it when it runs out of power, and we’ve fixed or replaced it when it gets run down. We treat technology as a family member—even if that is a little co-dependent. You can’t blame us, though; it’s certainly made aspects of our lives easier: We’re no longer forced to send letters through the postal service, book vacations through travel agents, shop in stores, visit the library for research material, or wait for our photos to be developed. Thanks to technology, all of these activities can be performed either digitally or online. At the same time, though, technology can make life more convoluted—especially when something doesn’t work right or doesn’t do what it’s supposed to: Say, for instance, a GPS device tells you to turn the wrong way on a one-way street (yikes! ), or a computer erases all of your important data (ouch! ). Unfortunately, it’s not always easy to understand how a product or service works, not to mention whether or not to hold off on adopting it until a better, shinier thing comes along. A perfect example is the ever-evolving video format. We’ve gone from Betamax to VHS to DVD to HD DVD/Blu-ray to just Blu-ray (and everything in-between, of course). It can take years before a technology catches on, and even more time before we see a significant price drop. For the most part, however, technology does us more good than harm: It’s reconnected us with old college roommates, helped us learn a foreign language, and encouraged us to exercise. Follow us as we look back at how technology has changed our lives—for the better and for the worse—in terms of communication, computing, dining, entertainment, and travel. How to cite How Technology Changed Society, Essays

German Romanticism Essay Example For Students

German Romanticism Essay The following six articles dealing with aspects of romanticism in England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain were presented in 1937 and in 1938 before a Group of the Modern Language Association of America, General Topics Il: Critical Study of Romanticism. The Group has no responsibility for their publication.‘ Each discussion represents an individual method of approach to this broad and difï ¬ cult subject. If there is a consequent loss of such unity as might come from a series of articles written by a single author, there may be something gained in variety and comprehensiveness, No one article is written primarily for the specialist in its ï ¬ eld. Such a reader will no doubt ï ¬ nd the treatment of his own subject elementary and all too brief. It is hoped, however, that the same reader will find material to interest him in the discussions of other literatures, and that the elements of comparison and contrast between manifestations of romanticism in the different countries will contribute to broader understanding of the movement as a whole—G. H. THE DOMINANT CHARACTERISTICS OF GERMAN ROMANTICISM German romanticism extends over a relatively long period, since in part it goes back to the ideas of Herder and the Storm and Stress movement in the seventies of the eighteenth century. Within narrower limits, one may assign to it the period from the seventeen nineties to about 1830, when it was challenged by the Young German Movement. Obviously, however, this does not mark the end of its inï ¬â€šuence. To give a brief account of so complex and varied a movement, and to attempt to generalize in the face of marked individual differences is an undertaking beset with pitfalls. In dealing with German romanticism many scholars are reluctant to attempt sharp deï ¬ nition like that of romanticism given by Legouis and Cazamian in their history of English literature.‘ Instead, historians of German literature for some time endeavored to contrast classicism and romanticism for the purpose of bringing out in bold relief the essential characteristics of the latter. Subsequently, various critics became more strongly imbued with the thought that the two movements have much in common. For historically German romanticism proceeded from classicism. The older romanticists, the Schlegels and Novalis, did not think of themselves as being in opposition to classicism, but rather as intent upon supplementing and amplifying it. Consequently, romanticism did not begin in contradiction of classicism, but rather in the course of time became farther and farther removed from it. Thus Walther Linden asserts: The older romanticists renewed the irrationalism of the Storm and Stress movement, and they, too, strove for depth, for profound emotion and for totality freed from all limitations. But they by no means ignored the great intellectual achievements of classicism. In endeavoring to unite the two in a higher synthesis of irrational and rational forces, romanticism cultivated consciousness, reflection and the intellectual element almost more than did classicism itself; hence, in its origins romanticism is more inclined to be philosophically critical than poetimlly creative. On the other hand, romanticism penetrated more sensitively and much more deeply into the psychic, into dreams, and longings, the unconscious, the mysterious, into those regions in which we sense intuitively rather than know by dint of reasoning faculties and processes.‘ Fritz Strich, in his book Klassik und Romantik, attempted to distinguish between romanticism and the classicism of Goethe and Schiller by placing certain salient traits in opposition. According to him, German classicism is marked by unperturbed calmness, unity divided into the manifold, plastic compactness, insistence on the present, living form, deï ¬ niteness, perfection or completeness. By way of contrast he enumer   ated the characteristics of romanticism as restless movement, unity without division but in constant ï ¬â€šux, picturesque boundlessness in inexhaustible transformation, longing without goal, limit, or aim; arabesque, music that has become visible; vagueness, and the inï ¬ nite.‘ Whereas Strich tried to establish sharp lines of demarcation, Julius Petersen maintained that such categories are but relative, and furnish no absolute characterization. Moreover, he asserted that it is impossible to reduce the spirit of romanticism to a pure formula, because that does violence to one of its principal characteristics (namely, eternal becoming).‘ In the Atlwmium (1798—1800), the organ of the early German romanticists, Friedrich Schlegel set forth his conception of romantic literature in part as follows: Romantic poetry (Poesie) is progressive universal poetry. Its aim is not merely to re-unite all separated literary forms and to bring poetry in touch with philosophy and rhetoric; but poetry and prose, creative genius and criticism, subtly reï ¬ ned poetry (Kunstpoesie) and folk »poetry (\iolkspoesie) are to be mingled and blended . . . Romantic poetry is still in the process of development; indeed, its very essence is eternal becoming and not complete realization (Vollendung), . . . It can be fathomed (erschoplt) by no theory, and only divinatory criticism could presume to characterize its ideal. It alone is inï ¬ nite, because it alone is free, and recognizes as its ï ¬ rst law that the caprice (Willkà ¼r) of the poet tolerates no law.‘ By virtue of this deï ¬ nition, border lines vanish between the arts as well as between literary forms—the drama, lyric, and narrative. All arts are brought into touch with each other and merge; for tones, colors, and words were regarded merely as different forms of the one language of the soul which should be able to react to any mood and to any mode of thought. And thus poetry is characterized as music for the inner ear, and painting for the inner eye; but it is soft music, and painting devoid of sharpness of outline (verschwebende Malerei). ° Moreover, transitions from one art to another are to be sought. Then statues may become paintings, paintings become poems, poems become music, and solemn sacred music may become a towering temple.l Romanticists were fond of such expressions as hearing colors and seeing music. There are golden tones, colors speak, and love thinks in sweet musical sounds. This eï ¬ acing of border lines, this dissolution and fusion, is directly connected with other views of the romanticists. For they regarded life as one and inseparable, as a unit. For them religion, philosophy, art, and life are one. Life is poetry, and the world a living entity in which poetry is the essential expression of mankind and of human activity. Thus, early German romanticism stresses the intimate union of imaginative literature, criticism, philosophy, and religion. Poetry becomes a symbol of the inï ¬ nite. And according to Friedrich Schlegel, romantic poetry becomes transcendental poetry, which has for its aim the relation of the ideal and the real, as exempliï ¬ ed among the modems by Goethe. Friedrich Schlegel asserted that poetry and philosophy are an in- separable whole; they share the whole range of great, exalted human nature. They meet, supplement each other, and are blended into a unit.’ Poetry is nearer to the earth, philosophy is holier and more closely related to the deity.† Only the union of the two can lend permanence and abiding value.â€Å" Poetry and philosophy are, depending on the point of View, diï ¬ erent spheres, diï ¬â€šerent forms or factors of religion. Their union can be nothing other than religion Architecture: Ancient and Modern EssayIn the poetic treatment of nature the romanticists manifested fondness for picturesque change and for inï ¬ nite distance which stimulates longing and calls up memories. Theirs was a predilection for the mysterious forest, solitude, stillness, for night which stimulates the imagination, for moonlight which ï ¬ lls man with longing, for clouds which journey afar like dreams, and for twilight which eï ¬ aces sharp outlines and gives rise to vagueness of mood. A signiï ¬ cant aspect of German romanticism is romantic irony. Ludwig Tieck is fond of treating his fantastic creations with a playful, mocking romantic irony. This he deï ¬ nes as the ï ¬ nal perfection of a work of art, as that ethereal, transcending spirit that hovers over poetry. The romanticist wishes to demonstrate that he can not merely fashion but also dispel an emotion or an image. He does not lose himself in his work, but remains a free spirit, having the ability to rise above his creation, and to treat it with playful ridicule. Friedrich Schlegel said: †We must be able to rise above our own love; in our thoughts we must be able to destroy what we worship; otherwise, no matter what other capacities we have, we lack a sense of the inï ¬ nite and of the world.† †A truly free and cultured (gebildet) being should be able to attune himself at will, and become philosophical or philological, critical or poetical, historical or rhetorical, ancient or modern; he should be able to do this quite arbitrarily at any time and to any degree as one tunes an instrument.â€Å" Fundamentally, romantic irony i mplies urbanity and complete freedom, mastery, and a sense of sovereign detachment. Philosophically, it is rooted in Fichte’s idea of the sovereignty of Free Spirit. In practice, romantic irony often produced the impression of insincerity; in some of Heines lyrics it made for dissonance. In the ï ¬ eld of literary criticism Novalis stated that one way of proving that he had understood an author was to be able to act in his spirit.‘The province of criticism, said August Schlegel, is to grasp completely, clearly, and with sharp precision the profound meaning which a creative genius has laid in his work, to interpret it, and thereby to bring less in— dependent but receptive observers to a higher, correct point of view.â€Å" Similarly Wackenroder says: â€Å"Every work of art can be comprehended and grasped inwardly only out of the same emotion which gave rise to it; and emotion can be grasped only by emotion.†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ7 Friedrich Schlegel states that criticism is to teach man to comprehend every form of poetry in its classic vigor and fullness, and thus to fructify the imagination.â€Å" Thus romantic criticism or characterization desires to give the already initiated a deeper insight into the inexhaustible spirit of an original poem. It need hardly be said that theory and practice were not always in accord, and that the interpreter at times became a judge. And yet this very eï ¬ ort at recreating an experience, the ability to enter into the spirit of a work of art, enabled August Wilhelm Schlegel to reproduce the spirit of Shakespeare in German translation as no one had done before him. The novel is a genre which a number of romanticists cultivated, because it allowed them the greatest freedom in structure, form, and technique. Friedrich Schlegel regarded it as an admixture of narrative, song, and other forms?0 the best element in the best novels seemed to him to be a more or less veiled self—confession of the author, the fruit of his experience, the quintessence of his lndividuality.‘l Hence he considered Rousseau’s Confession: a most excellent novel.â€Å" On the whole, the German romantic novel is marked by looseness of structure, lack of unity, a wealth of episodes, and discursiveness; it abounds in adventures encountered in rather aimless wanderings. There is a variety of moods which frequently ï ¬ nd expression in lyrical interpolations. The Novella, as an account of striking happenings, conditions, or individuals was cultivated to a high degree of excellence. Friedrich Schlegel considered the Novella admirably suited to the indirect and symbolical portrayal of subjective mood and viewpoint in a most profound and individualistic manner. The drama was ill suited to the romanticist’s dislike of formal restraint; hence, obvious weaknesses are superï ¬ cial, unconvincing motivation; inadequacy of character portrayal; lack of unity; and general looseness of structure. The fate tragedy and the fairy drama are in evidence; in the latter, the dream world is looked upon as the world of actuality, and the world becomes a. dream. One of the ï ¬ nest ï ¬â€šowers of creative romanticism was the fairy tale. The fairy tale appealed to the romanticists because it entered the realm of the fanciful, the imaginative, and the supernatural—which to them was the realm of genuine truth. It represented the fulï ¬ llment of romantic longing; here the romantic spirit was quite untrammeled and magically creative, since in this realm the laws of experience, of time, place, and causality have no validity. The Grimm brothers collected and published folk fairy tales which hitherto had been transmitted orally from one generation to another. Art fairy tales received a stimulus from the popular tale. The rich collection of folksongs published by Arnim and Brentano (18064808) under the title Dc: Knabcn Wundcrham exerted a profound inï ¬â€šuence upon German lyric poetry. It occupies a place in the history of German poetry somewhat comparable to that of Percy’s Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765) in England. In the days of the Storm and Stress movement Herder’s collections and translations of folksongs had stressed the cosmopolitan, international aspects of poetry. But Arnim and Brentano in their collection emphasized the German element, and regarded these songs as expressive of the spirit of the German people. Numerous German lyric poets were inspired to write in the manner of the folksong. As a result, much of the lyric poetry of the period is marked by simplicity, unity, directness, genuineness, and spontaneity. This is of particular importance, because lyric poetry is undoubtedly the most significant creative contribution of German romanticism. Under the stimulus of the wars of liberation, later romanticism became patriotic and nationalistic. The earlier cosmopolitan, individualistic attitude gave way to the desire to subordinate self to the state and the nation. Nationalistic feeling welled up in powerful patriotic lyrics. Men like Fichte, in his detn an die deutschz Nalion, and Kleist, in drama and journalism, were profoundly conscious of the obligation of the individual to the state. The interest in Germany’s past manifested itself in the emphasis upon older German literature and philology, folk lore, folksong, folk fairy tale, and chap—books. The idea of totality and of organic development held by early romanticists was now applied in a new and more realistic manner to the state, society, and history. Nevertheless, the interest in the subconscious, hallucinations, hypnotic suggestion, the occult, dreams, morbidity, the gruesome, the fantastic, the  emotional element, irrationalism, and phantasmagoria persisted. Between early and later romanticism there was a difference of emphasis rather than fundamental opposition of tendencies.

Frankenstein Essays (294 words) - Frankenstein,

Frankenstein Character Perceptions of character traits based upon outward appearance plays a central theme in the novel, Frankenstein by the author Mary Shelly. However, perceptions of people by society are not always true. In fact, what the character appears to be on the outside, and what they actually are on the inside can be as different as night and day. For example, the main character Victor Frankenstein is viewed by society as a wealthy gentleman, without a flaw. He is perceived as a man of great integrity, and considered very intelligent. However, Victor is actually a shallow person, obsessed with death. After discovering a way to escape it, he finds the burden of knowledge too much, and rejects his creation. He refuses to accept the responsibilities of his actions. Outwardly, Victor's creation appears to be a monster. He is an abnormality of nature and society rejects those who are ugly. Society labels Victor's creation as half-witted, the work of the devil, the essence of pure evil, and an abomination. In fact, he is a gentle creature, who is very intelligent, and who because of his appearance, must carry society's injustices upon his shoulders. These examples prove that during the time-period of this book, appearance and wealth weigh over justice. If justice was more important, than wealth, Victor would of stayed in jail charged for the murder of Clerval, but because of his social status, and the visit from his father he was released. On the other hand if Victor's creation was caught with the murder of Clerval, he would have been put to death on the spot. These examples from the novel, Frankenstein by Mary Shelly show how society's views influence people's perceptions of others. When society learns how to accept people for who they are, and not merely based upon their appearance or wealth, the world will be a much better place to live in!

The Tempest Prospero essays

The Tempest Prospero essays Through the course of the play, Shakespeare presents us with a man who seems evil, powerful, and often tyrannical, but in the end, leaves us with a man who learns how to forgive and who can become a leader once again. He was betrayed by numerous people including his brother Antonio and Caliban who tried to rape his daughter Miranda when he brought him into his home. Prospero who is the rightful Duke of Milan, was removed from his position and replaced by his brother under the approval of King Alonso. These events contribute too Prosperos ways of living on the island. Since Prospero was once a leader, his urge for leadership continues on the island and that is why he is so powerful. Another reason for Prosperos tyrannical ways, is that he used his magical powers to free some of the spirits who were imprisoned in trees. These spirits some what contribute to his personality since they all serve him. They treat him like a God, and in return, Prospero acts like a God. Prospero shows how mad he is about the past and how much he wants revenge by causing a shipwreck leading the people who deceived him in the past too the island inhabited by Prospero and his slave spirits. Prospero in the beginning wants revenge, but at the end, he forgives his brother and everyone else who put him on the island. It shows how someone who has a lot of power, and has a some what vain personality can become someone who learns how to forgive. In the end, Prospero leaves the island and relinquishes himself from the magic powers he had. His brother and the King then recognize Prospero as the rightful Prospero, although a man with many issues becomes man with the Characteristics of becoming a leader. His use of magic, while done at times to indulge himself, is always for some greater purpose that involves others. Another reason why Prospero is powerful is because of his knowled ...

Skills Gap In America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Skills Gap In America - Essay Example At this point, it becomes necessary to ask the question; what job skills or talents are lacking? In answering this question, the truth is that the USA may not be short of individuals who are educated and who possess some education qualifications that are essential for the prevailing job openings within organizations. Therefore, the skills gap is not lacking in the education aspect of the employees, but rather in their talents (Wastler, n.p.). The existing skills gap is especially being felt in the areas of the high growth industries, which include construction, advanced manufacturing, nuclear and clean energy, health care and information technology (Dahl, n.p.). While there could be some qualified individuals in the unemployed group that constitutes 8.1%, their ability to tolerate the working conditions in these sectors, as well as their talent that are necessary in achieving the goals of these sectors is what is exactly lacking (Wastler, n.p.). This is true, considering that these a re sectors that require more than just academic qualifications, but the basic talents and willingness to go an extra mile to ensure the success of the tasks. The remedy to addressing this problem therefore, can be found in addressing the public policy on education, starting from K-12 level upwards, to ensure that the policies focuses more on specialized skills, which include the technical and the apprenticeship skills, that are basically lacking in many industries, considering that such skills constitutes the on-hand-job training, at the expense of theoretical build-up of the academic training (Needham, n.p.). Such on-hand-job skills are the ones lacking experts, thus throwing the essential industries such as construction, manufacturing, health and energy; most of which are hand-on-experience based, into disarray. The existing skills gap in America is talent-based, and constitutes the shortage of middle-skills workers, who constitute â€Å"specialized highly trained mechanical, tec hnical and production careers† (ASTD, 5). Such specialized training does not require high levels of education such as a degree in the specified field, but the high on-the-job training skills, which produces technical experts, who may merely hold a government or an institutional certification, yet they are highly competent when it comes to performing the specific tasks on the job description, which may require less theoretical knowledge, but practical skills to deliver excellent results. The high-skills shortage is especially significantly being experienced in the field of mathematics, engineering, information science and sciences (ASTD, 6). Among the most affected specific fields include the field of nuclear energy, where the rate of the workers retiring is high, while the young generation that is showing interest in the same is significantly reducing, while the growth in the sector is predicted to average at 3% annually, for the next 8 years (ASTD, 6). In addition to the wani ng interest that is noted in the young generation, there also lacks adequate training programs to train experts in this field, thus posing a danger to the growth and competitiveness of nuclear energy as a

The Impact of Climate Change on the Oceans Coral Bleaching Rates Research Paper

The Impact of Climate Change on the Oceans Coral Bleaching Rates - Research Paper Example The presence of zooxanthellae within coral polyps is able to provide protection from ultraviolet rays from the sun, as well as a stable carbohydrate supply to the corals during the day (Brown, 1997). At the same time, the corals provide CO2 for the photosynthetic activities, as well as providing a shelter from other predators (Graham, et al., 2006). Most corals can be found in sunny seas in tropical waters, which foster photosynthetic activity of the symbiotic algae during the day. Coral reefs are found throughout tropical areas across the globe, and are mostly thriving near coastal areas (Figure 1). Often called â€Å"flowers of the sea†, these creatures are not only aesthetically pleasing for many tourists such as divers and underwater photographers, these are also ecologically-important members of ocean ecosystems by being a habitat for fish and other aquatic animals, as well as protecting the shoreline’s structure by serving as breakwater for the ocean’s waves (Cesar, 2000). Such a feat is possible due to the hard exoskeletons of corals, which are durable to the kinetic effects of ocean waves. The process in which coral skeletons grow and develop takes a very long time due to the gradual calcification process in building up the coral skeleton by very small animals. However, recent climate changes causes a degeneration of this coral exoskeleton, which not only poses a threat to the corals themselves but also to the creatures that dwell w ithin them, which in turn could affect livelihoods such as tourism and fishing industries of people living alongside coral reefs. Figure 1. The distribution of coral reef systems are limited to the tropics, seen here as dark brown markings around coastlines and islands (ReefBase, n.d.). Figure 2. Various species of common coral after undergoing bleaching lose their color. Scale bars=5cm (Anthony, et al., 2008). The steady rise in global temperatures have been causing various abnormalities in nature such as drastic weather changes, the growth and proliferation of invasive pests, and the destruction of marine ecological systems such as coral reefs. Several disasters within coral reefs have been recorded in the past decades, and most are attributed to the effects of rising atmospheric and ocean temperatures (Brown, 1997; Cao & Caldeira, 2008; Doney, et al., 2009; Glynn, 1993; Hoegh-Guldberg, et al., 2007; McNeil, et al., 2004). However, these are not the only factors that could contribute to the declining populations of corals and reefs, since other man-made factors also come into play. The acidification of sea w ater due to increasing dissolved CO2, saturation of nutrients due to leaching of fertilizer runoffs, and the increase of disease-causing pathogens and other agents due to the warmer waters causes the disruption of the symbiotic relationship of the zooxanthellae and the coral polyps (Bruno, et al., 2003; De’ath et al., 2009; Grandcourt & Cesar, 2003; Obura, 2004; Silverman, et al., 2009). Corals become bleached when the number of symbionts decreases in the polyps’ bodies, leaving them colorless and much more exposed to the ultraviolet rays of the sun (Figure 2). The lack of zooxanthellae decreases carbohydrate production which translates to a lesser food supply for the corals. This causes the death of the coral polyps,

Gender differences and factors that affect stock Research Paper

Gender differences and factors that affect stock - Research Paper Example However the author wanted to find out any relationship between those factors and stock investment which was not widely studied by early researches. What is the central hypothesis or main proposition that the author is trying to express/explore? Is your (the central) hypothesis best classified as descriptive, explanatory, or predictive/causal? Does the main hypothesis call for a measure of association or a measure of difference between two variables? Defend your position on these issues. This study is intended to determine factors that affect the investment decision of a sample of Canadian investors and analyze relationships between different variables. According to the literature provided by the author this type of researches had not been conducted earlier therefore this is best described as a descriptive or exploratory research. Select the central hypotheses presented in the article. What is the theoretical basis of your (the central) hypothesis? Does this hypothesis logically flow from and relate to the theorized constructs and relationships presented as the basis for the research or was it picked out of thin air? Defend your position. The central hypothesis have a research importance since the findings of this research may helpful for many mediators, investors, advisers and policy makers of the stock market . They can use these findings for more efficient and sustainable stock market Construct Validity? In your (the central) hypothesis, look for a description of how the cause (that is, the independent (or predictor variable(s)) and the effect (that is, the dependent (or criterion variable(s)) are being measured. Face Validity:   Do the measures measure what they are supposed to measure?   Internal reliability:   Are the measures reliable?   What level of measurement is applied to these variables (for example, for each, identify if they are nominal, ordinal, scalar). What is the

Effect Of Marine Tourism And Diving Market Tourism Essay

Effect Of Marine Tourism And Diving Market Tourism Essay Introduction Marine tourism is a temporary movement of people to destinations out side their regular situation and activities within a marine setting. Marine tourism being a constituent of the tourism division is deemed to be growing swiftly both in stipulations of its size and its worth. This expansion in marine tourism is mainly important as such actions come up in places that could be measured to be peripheral in spatial, sequential and financial provisions. The peripheral environment of marine tourism destinations means that these places have been holdup behind in terms of their financial and communal growth. The marine tourism business acts as a chief role in making the World Heritage spot to a broad variety of guests. Aim Exploring the effect of marine tourism and diving market on people choices on their holiday destination Objective The objective of this research proposal is to analyze the trends and forecast of the marine tourism industry. This will be done by examining development in marine tourism growth globally. Factors encouraging people to go to coastal destinations A characteristic shared by many coastal destinations is a wealth of pristine coastal and aquatic environments for example most of these areas have the variety, ecological aspects and landscape features that are extremely sought by marine tourists. Examples of species around the world consist of cetaceans (dolphins, porpoises and whales) species of birds and fish, sharks, crocodiles sea lions seals, penguins, and polar bears. These species have a tendency to be attractive to the tourist because of being large and exhibiting fantastic behavior. The Activities at these coastal regions also influence people visit. They include; oil painting and mosaic making; jewellery assembly to cup cake decorating; artistic writing and photography; and cookery workshops, which are run by local citizens who are passionate concerning their focus and about where they reside. Creative workshops take place in exciting unique sites including the workshop leadersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ residences and backyard studios, many close to the marine. The creative workshops also present opportunity for people to enthusiastically participate in. Other activities that include species of plants and animals include guided rock-pooling activities. There are exciting self-sufficient shops selling local arts and crafts, art and theatrical venues, amazing galleries and vibrant music, at these seaside regions. There are also creative actions like Whitstable Oyster, Herne Bay, Festival Fuse in Medway and Whitstable Biennale, Broadstairs,Canterbury, and Deal Festivals which attract marine tourists. People working and living on these coastal regions provide skills that ensure segregation and local distinctiveness. Tourists visit these destinations to engage in leisure activities such as shell gathering, the aroma of salt air, the whack of the cottage screen door, the creepy elevation of a huge breaker, and sand all over the place. Tourist go on holiday to marine destination for relaxation and break: To stroll the walk on the seashore of a barrier island, construct sandcastles, stare over the hazy Adriatic from the holiday lodge with an arbor of fragranced jasmine. Some visit for adventure for example the boating tour to visit a puffin settlement on a natural creek, the walk atop surf-battered bluffs and the scuba push downward a sea cliff of coral. Others visit these destinations to see the coastal landscape and nature for example the rising seas; dwindling wetlands; oil drilling and shipping path offshore; garbage rinsing onshore and the air travel. 2. Exploring the reasons of increasing the marine and diving tourism Increasing the marine and diving tourism increases potential for expansion in the tourism division, and the marine tourism division as an input tourism factor that can naturally benefit from this growth. This also makes the tourism division to benefit from improved communication and transportation technologies. These enhancements can include better access to information concerning tourist destination and actions, and similarly outstandingly enhanced admission to tourism places by way of additional resourceful transportation. Enhanced transport efficiency can in turn make traveling quicker, extra direct and cheaper while improving admission to substitute settings. Diving tourism breaks has witness highest demand from local and international divers. It also aims to confine foreign tourist visitation thus boosting the tourism division 3. Identify typologies for diving tourism The growth in diving tourism has been encouraged by increased accessibility to training, apparatus as well as dive spots, and partially because of the negligible investment involved in taking-up scuba diving as different from other activities 4. Identify the top destination of diving tourism and marine ecotourism The North Sulawesi Watersports Association Formed in mid 1998 has agreed to support the North Sulawesi as a first-class marine tourism destination through development of high principles of service and security and sponsoring more ecologically aware water sports actions within the Bunaken National Park. The Turneffe Flats has for a time long been acknowledged as one of Belizes premier sea water flutter fishing, scuba diving and marine tourism destinations. This is located on the Turneffe Atoll, the major and mainly biologically varied coral atoll in the Caribbean, it specializes in finer service for a restricted number of tourist. Turneffe Flats is known as one of the Caribbeans leading saltwater dash fishing destinations. The variety of the brine flats fishing sets it at a distance from other destinations and the prospect to seize bonefish, allow and tarpon makes Turneffe Flats one of the rare. The atolls of Belize are charged along with the worlds best dive marine tourist destinations. It has perfect coral reefs, plentiful marine life and temperate Caribbean seas. There are hard to believe snorkeling is a basis of the parcel with a large variety of snorkeling options. The destination has several bird species that have been identified with West Indian Manatees. 5. Studying   the impact of the marine tourism on the destination Marine tourism makes logic of unity between host and tourists A big significance of marine tourism is generating feelings of resemblance between tourists and their relatives and friends with members and society in destinations. The understanding of calling other peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s places amplifies the feeling of solidarity and the force of the desire to contribute. Tourism is an important part of the local economy in many developing countries. Marine tourism is necessary to the livelihoods of huge parts of the destination population. Marine tourism contributes directly to the local economy, for example the informal division, directly profiting, the craft sellers, juice pressers, fruit sellers and local guides. Various destinations coastal areas face turn down marine industries. Marine ecotourism presents a means of realizing strategies for financial renewal, employment establishment and sustainable growth values, and improves the natural surroundings in which it exists. Marine ecotourism denotes ecotourism actions happen in the coastal region, in the marine surroundings. The marine and coastal surrounding is a collective global resource. More rigorous collaboration among neighborhood and nations on marine ecotourism guarantee the ecological qualities on which this tourism depends are sustained and improved. In most waning fishing neighborhoods in the European Union Atlantic Area, there is a similarity of possibility for the growth of marine ecotourism. The road and rail network for example, housing is largely already there in often dilapidated seaside resorts The biggest confront is the need for a transformation in the mindsets of policymakers within the various divisions that force upon marine ecotourism, as well as the populations with the prospective to widen tourism in the form of legitimately sustainable marine ecotourism. There is a necessity for events that understands in the local circumstance and with the confined stakeholders, without whose hold up and participation; no marine ecotourism would be legitimately sustainable. Marine ecotourism proposals should be optimistic to evolve at the confined community level. The basic major explanation for the expansion of marine ecotourism, it that it takes appropriate concern of the supply base which is the solution to preserving its wider reimbursement. Relating the profits of ecotourism to preservation guarantees that the interdependency is correctly recognized and taken into explanation in the preparation and organization of marine ecotourism. The available legal and other official methods have a significant responsibility to play in preparation and supervision for a legitimately sustainable marine environment. These require to be enhanced by a variety of unofficial and charitable actions in order to realize stability between top to down and bottom up advances. Increasing the statutory approach with charitable policies can tackle the inadequacy that official rigid configurations tend to display in value of the unique troubles inbuilt in preparation for legitimately sustainable aquatic ecotourism. The actions of marine ecotourism depend straightforwardly on the sustained accessibility of high excellence marine surroundings in which to function. The marine surroundings create a center of attention to tourists and grants them with ecotourism familiarities for which they are enthusiastic to compensate. In case marine surroundings are broken, tourists can longer desire to stay in the area concerned. Marine ecotourism has a tough incentive to check the marine environment upon which it relies, and it is vital to distinguish this in the expansion, preparation and running of such behaviors at a local point. The development issues that are fundamental in the preparation and organization of legitimately sustainable marine ecotourism reside in a problem area that requires partnership, than effortless collaboration. These problems are adequately difficult beyond the capability of any single person to decide them, dictating partnership between stakeholders. Marketing should prioritize the surrounding protection or else can serve to compromise the intended and run marine ecotourism actions. Accountable marketing of marine environment at the local stage should embrace the idea of surroundings and socio-cultural improvement, as well as local contribution and managing of marketing actions. The marketing of maritime ecotourism should be reliable with the main beliefs of sustainability. The ecotourism attitude grants a unique accountability on ecotourism familiarity providers to guarantee the inclusion of appropriate and efficient analysis of the marine environment. Visitors should also be well-informed about their probable collisions on the surroundings. Civic establishment are accountable for making sure that nautical ecotourism contributors are properly educated, and efforts made to make certain that local stage strategy makers, planners and other stakeholders fully appreciate the idea and reimbursement of marine ecotourism. Evaluating whether maritime ecotourism is being efficiently designed and managed calls for screening in short and long-term. This should be carried out with consideration to the efficiency and suitability of the dogmatic and charitable arrangement in place, the maritime ecotourism reserve base, the class of the merchandise and significantly, the reimbursement to communities. Crack and flaws in official preparation and guidelines means at a local level, unpaid arrangements should be made in working towards a sensible combination of official and unofficial procedures. This can also assist move charitable structures towards official appreciation, thus giving them power. This can be attained through licensing systems and revenue generating fees On the destination stage, marine ecotourism can be made as a product harmonizing existing festival activities as a naval ecotourism ingredient can be established to most seashore holidays if the funds and systems are present. This can decrease the overall worldwide warming repercussions as people take less but longer holidays. It can have more advantage in dropping the period of more traditional structures of tourism action in cooler destinations. Many countries all through the tropics account instances of how marine tourism has had outcomes in reef dilapidation. Terms of tourist amenities causes reefs to be mined for construction material choked by residue released in the creation and poison by ravage disposed from the finished, performance growth. Tourist growth attracts a profitable deal in marine junk which degrades reefs. Oceanic ecotourism has demonstrated itself capable of creating socioeconomic paybacks for destination coastal communitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ different parts of the world. For example, the socioeconomic impact linked with whale watching, which is a financial actions are both considerable and prevalent. Marine ecotourism is able of making peripheral coastal areas with a growth option that sustainable other actions for economic prospective. Marginal regions tend to rely on inadequate variety of economic activities in sustaining the living of their local society. The general activities in these areas are sea, sand and sun tourism and sea fishing for profit. The marine ecotourism also helps in the redistribution of income and the necessitate to invest in infrastructure.

Pillars of Salt, A Woman of Five Seasons and A Balcony over the Fakihani :: Arab Women Culture Essays

Pillars of Salt, A Woman of Five Seasons and A Balcony over the Fakihani Works Cited Missing The most latent component of the three novels: â€Å"Pillars of Salt†, â€Å"A Woman of Five Seasons†, and â€Å"A Balcony over the Fakihani† is the struggle of all the women in them. Theirs is a struggle at all levels, a struggle from the occupation of their land and war, a struggle from the occupation of their bodies or what could be considered a war against their bodies, and a sexual, and a power struggle. The women in these novels survive a fight that is almost impossible to win. They do not even posses their bodies. Some are given away in marriage, but even if they are not, their bodies serve the purpose of giving lineage to their husbands. If they are incapable they are deemed as defective and possibly discarded. Their entire beings serve as trophies in their husband’s list of successes, not just a show of their virility, through lineage, but also a show of their ability to manage their possessions . Their bodies can only be enjoyed by the man they marry. If they are not pure by the time of marriage they are deemed dishonorable and not marriageable. Virginity has to be proved to safeguard the bride’s family honor, not the groom’s. The women of these novels are there only in relationship to their men. They compliment them. It is only during war that the couples become more equal helping each other to survive the larger monster. Then the women are in control, in possession of themselves and in a team with their husbands. But war only brings destruction, and most of the women end up alone having to bring up the next generation on their own. The subjugation of the women begins with their education which for the most part comes from their mothers and their family. The general consensus is that women, girls, are lower than boys, regardless of their traits. Even those who are overall considered good mothers perpetuate this image to their daughters: â€Å"What do you expect? He is a boy. Allah placed him a step higher. We must accept Allah’s verdict,† said Maha’s mother condoning her brother Daffash’s bad behavior. (Faqir 33) The training of little girls to understand their position under men begins when they are small, in their families. The fact that he is a boy gives him an innate position above all women.

Abigail Williams Analyzation

Williams is a cruel, vengeful and power hungry person. She has the ability to manipulate almost anyone she wants, whenever and wherever. She uses this ability to gain power and deem people witches who don't have any real proof against them. This puts her in a position where she can Just do almost anything she wants to, like eliminating people that she doesn't want to see anymore. Abigail Williams is really just one power hungry, vengeful person. Abigail had been one of the original girls that started the whole witchcraft ordeal y practicing voodoo rituals in the woods outside of her town.She later then blamed the whole event on the slave of Reverend Paris saying â€Å"Now look you. All of you. We danced. And Tuba conjured Ruth Putnam dead sisters. † The people she told believed her as slaves were of lower class then Abigail, and that Just happened to be how it worked then. Abigail also was in an affair with John Proctor, which after Elizabeth found out about it, who is John's wife, Abigail was fired from her position as a servant to the Proctors.Abigail went on to accuse people of the town of witchcraft. This allowed her to rise to power and become a member of the court. Abigail sought vengeance on the people that witnessed her in the woods with Tuba as well. She pin pointed those people and decided she would accuse them of witchcraft In any way she could. For instance, she accused Elizabeth of witchcraft because she had a doll with a needle In Its stomach, saying she was using voodoo to hurt Abigail.Even though Abigail set the whole thing up and punctured herself with a needle. All these situations show how Abigail nature Is to be cruel, and how she manipulates people's views and emotions. Abigail also became a huge power fugue throughout the act. She rose to power after accusing people for witchcraft. She made up fake stories and false evidence to get people to go to trial. For Instance when she accused Elizabeth proctor of witchcraft, Abigail said she was stabbed by Elizabethan spirit.When the authorities searched the Proctors house, they found a doll with a needle In Its stomach. This was enough â€Å"proof' they needed to take her away. Abigail got away with a lot of things throughout act 1 . She used peoples emotions to get what she wanted and didn't have any sympathy for anyone she came across. She ended up In a position where she can Just do almost anything she wants to, Like eliminating people that she doesn't want to see anymore. Ball Williams Is really Just one power hungry, vengeful person.Abigail Williams Analyzing By shinning pin pointed those people and decided she would accuse them of witchcraft in any OLL with a needle in its stomach, saying she was using voodoo to hurt Abigail. Even situations show how Abigail nature is to be cruel, and how she manipulates people's false evidence to get people to go to trial. For instance when she accused Elizabeth authorities searched the Proctors house, they found a doll with a needle in its stomach. This was enough â€Å"proof† they needed to take her away. She ended up in a position where she can Just do almost anything she wants to, like

References Essays - Cognitive Disorders, Psychiatric Diagnosis

References Essays - Cognitive Disorders, Psychiatric Diagnosis References Beach, Thomas G. (1987). The history of Alzheimers Disease: three debates. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 42, 327-349. Blenow, Kaj, Wallin, Anders Clinical subgroups of Alzheimers Disease. In V. Olga, B. Emory and Thomas E. Oxman (Eds.), Dementia: Presentations, Differential Diagnosis, and Nosology. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press. Carson, Robert C and Butcher, James N (1992). Abnormal psychology and modern life. New York: Harper Collins publishers Clarfield, A. Mark. (1989). Canadian consensus conference of the assessment of dementia. Montreal: the Canadian Consensus Conference on the Assessment of Dementia. Cummings, Jeffery L. (1988). Dementia of the Alzheimer type: challenges and definition and clinical diagnosis. In Harry A. Whitaker (Ed.), Neuropsychological studies of nonfocal brain damage. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Derix, Mayke M.A. (1994). Neuropsychological differentiation of dementia syndromes. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger B.V., Lisse. Graves, Amy B. and Kukull, Walter A. (1994). The epidemiology of dementia. In John C. Morris (Ed.), Handbook of dementing illnesses. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Hart, Siobhan and Semple, James M (1990). Neuropsychology and the dementias. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd. Katzman, Robert, Lasker, Bruce and Bernstein, Nancy. (1988) Advances in the diagnosis of dementia: accuracy of diagnosis and consequences of misdiagnosis of disorders causing dementia. In Robert D. Terry (Ed.), Aging and the brain. New York: Raven Press. Lezak, Muriel Deutsch. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (Third edition). New York: Oxford University Press. Mahendra, B. (1984). Dementia a survey of the syndrome of dementia. Lancaster: MTP Press Limited. Marco, L.A. (1995). Alzheimers dementia and related disorders: genetic and molecular pathology. In Manfred Bergner and Sanford I. Finkel (Eds.), Treating Alzheimers and other dementias. New York: Springer Publishing. Mirra, Suzanne S., The neuropathology of dementia. In John C. Morris (Ed.), Handbook of dementing illnesses. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Morris, John C. (1994). Evaluation of the demented patient. In John C. Morris (Ed.), Handbook of dementing illnesses. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Plum, Fred. (1987). Dementia. In George Adelman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Neuroscience (Volume 1). Boston: Birkhauser. Schmitt, Frederick A. and Sano, Mary C. (1994). Neuropsychological approaches to the study of dementia. In John C. Morris (Ed.), Handbook of dementing illnesses. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. Schneider, Lon S. (1994). Experimental pharmacotherapy of primary symptoms of dementia. In John C. Morris (Ed.), Handbook of dementing illnesses. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.

Free Essays on Because I Could Not Stop For Death

Because I could not stop for death In this classic poem Emily Dickinson realizes that to escape death is impossible and she shows that it need not be painful, therefore the poem maintains a serene tone throughout. Although not necessarily depicted as a sadistic murderer of innocence, death is indeed personified by Dickinson to a certain extent, as an unavoidable conqueror- one hanging over us and around us, inescapable. The first line tells us exactly what we’re reading about and what we can expect. There is no gradual build up to the main point as is the case with the works of some other poets. Instead, there is merely a progression of explanation. Many years beyond the grave, the narrator portrays the placid process of her passing, in which death is personified as he escorts Emily to the carriage. During her slow ride she realizes that the ride will last for all eternity. â€Å"The carriage held but just Ourselves-And Immortality.† It is my opinion that the speaker in this poem exemplified the voice of all people- not wanting to. She ‘could not stop for death’ as none of us really believe we can or that we have the time. Most people die unexpectedly- and are not ready to stop everything they have and want to do just to cease living. It seems that the narrator in this case had too much for which to live and she had not finished her life. Hence, she tried to del ay death; to sidestep it. None of us want to die but none of us can prevent it. The narrator of the poem is especially human and chillingly realistic in that sense. And so the clichà © reminds us, death will find us when we hide from it. By riding with death, however, the narrator fools herself into thinking that she is not dead. She has found immortality by riding along â€Å"with† death. As we pass the school, the fields, and the sun, we pass through all the stages of life. Death does not come quickly. Rather, it arrives with a menacing slo... Free Essays on Because I Could Not Stop For Death Free Essays on Because I Could Not Stop For Death The Cycle of Life For as long as history has been recorded, man has always been at odds at with the thought of his own death. Even the few who have accepted death amiably have at some point feared, dreaded, or attempted to postpone its arrival. We have personified death as someone evil who appears unpredictably, only to take you unwillingly from this world to the next. But in reality, we know that death is not the uncontrollable grim reaper that we find in fairy tales and movies. Rather than being malicious and unjust, death is an inevitable part of the cycle of life. In recent centuries, poets have spent much of their time writing of death and its inescapability-both as something to be admired as well as feared. In her haunting poem entitled, â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop For Death,† Emily Dickinson realizes that to escape death is unachievable, and she shows that it need not be painful, therefore the poem sustains a serene tone throughout. Death is personified by Dickinson as being compassi onate, and kind- making it feel more acceptable. Through Dickinson's precise style of writing, effective use of literary elements, and vivid imagery, she creates a poem that can be interpreted in many different ways. As human beings, it is in our nature to feel that death does not come in a convenient or opportune time. When Dickinson says, â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death,† she causes the reader to begin wondering why she could not stop. The apparent response is that she was so wrapped up in the chaos of life, she was too busy to think Golriz 2 about death. She makes death’s inescapability clear in the next line though when she says, â€Å"He kindly stopped for me.† In this last line she has begun to personify Death as a gentleman, rather than the vindictive evildoer he is normally thought of as being. The next lines, â€Å"The Carriage held but just Ourselves-/ And Immortality,† suggest that life is our most precious tenure and prom... Free Essays on Because I Could Not Stop For Death Because I could not stop for death In this classic poem Emily Dickinson realizes that to escape death is impossible and she shows that it need not be painful, therefore the poem maintains a serene tone throughout. Although not necessarily depicted as a sadistic murderer of innocence, death is indeed personified by Dickinson to a certain extent, as an unavoidable conqueror- one hanging over us and around us, inescapable. The first line tells us exactly what we’re reading about and what we can expect. There is no gradual build up to the main point as is the case with the works of some other poets. Instead, there is merely a progression of explanation. Many years beyond the grave, the narrator portrays the placid process of her passing, in which death is personified as he escorts Emily to the carriage. During her slow ride she realizes that the ride will last for all eternity. â€Å"The carriage held but just Ourselves-And Immortality.† It is my opinion that the speaker in this poem exemplified the voice of all people- not wanting to. She ‘could not stop for death’ as none of us really believe we can or that we have the time. Most people die unexpectedly- and are not ready to stop everything they have and want to do just to cease living. It seems that the narrator in this case had too much for which to live and she had not finished her life. Hence, she tried to del ay death; to sidestep it. None of us want to die but none of us can prevent it. The narrator of the poem is especially human and chillingly realistic in that sense. And so the clichà © reminds us, death will find us when we hide from it. By riding with death, however, the narrator fools herself into thinking that she is not dead. She has found immortality by riding along â€Å"with† death. As we pass the school, the fields, and the sun, we pass through all the stages of life. Death does not come quickly. Rather, it arrives with a menacing slo... Free Essays on Because I Could Not Stop For Death Because I Could Not Stop For Death The poem â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† by Emily Dickinson, expresses the speaker’s reflection on death. The poem focuses on the concept of life after death. This poem’s setting mirrors the circumstances by which death approaches, and death’s tone appears kind and compassionate. It is through the promise of immortality that fear is removed, and death not only becomes acceptable but welcomed as well. As human beings, we feel that death never comes at a convenient or opportune time. However, when death makes an appearance, it approaches bearing gifts of kindness, â€Å"Civility,† â€Å"And Immortality.† One can almost envision civility as being tall, dark, and handsomely dressed in a black tuxedo, arriving promptly, as any gentlemen would, to pick up his date for an evening out. Immortality also serves as a passenger in death’s â€Å"Carriage.† This signifies the miracle of life is our most precious possession and promi ses the gift of unending life, as shown by â€Å"The Carriage held but just Ourselves- / And Immortality† (lines 3-4). Immortality’s presence helps to remove all fears as we exit the physical world and provides the recipient with the necessary assistance to assure that the transition from reality to spirituality is a pleasant experience. If the promise of immortality did not exist, one would never go along willingly, nor would one welcome death without fear. Death and the speaker ride along with absolutely no concept of the passage of time. They are not hurried, or rushed, as they have forever to reach their destination. This is stated in line 5: â€Å"We slowly drove- / He knew no haste.† Having completed all her earthly chores, the speaker states that they are no longer of any concern to her. For now there is no sewing, cooking, cleaning, farming, or caring for loved ones. The speaker has been allowed the luxury of rest and relaxation, as lines 6-7 reveals: â €Å"And I had ...

Engagement Exercise Create and Explain your own Example Essay

Engagement Exercise Create and Explain your own Example - Essay Example In my capacity as an Asian, I would like to point out that I was introduced to a very good culture. All along, I have learnt to respect my culture and use it to define my religion, language, communications and relationship with other people. I always know that I should relate well with other people since my closeness with them can help me a great deal. Also important, is the respect, acceptance, understanding and appreciation of other people’s culture. Since my childhood, my parents have been telling me that I should be ready to respect other people even if they have different cultural beliefs from my own. One day, when I was in college, I met a man from a different culture. So, despite coming from a conservative community that restricts the relationship between people of different genders, I had to greet him without any fear. Also, I had to take my time to be close to him and discuss a lot with him. Even if I knew that this is something not accepted by my culture, I had to do it because of my colleague who comes from a different culture. It was a good thing to do because it showed respect and enabled us to communicate so well without any barrier. Since that day, I have been effectively communicating with people from different cultural backgrounds. My experiences demonstrate how the acceptance, understanding and tolerance of other people’s culture can be of great contribution to the communication process. This has made me to be an effective communicator who relate so well with other people. As a communication expert, I know that intercultural understanding is necessary for a healthy relationship between different people. Due to my free interactions, I have managed to learn different aspects of other people’s cultural traditions. This has enabled me to know how to use verbal and non-verbal communication strategies. At the same time, it has prepared me to be a critical listener who does not only lend my

Does climate change pose any unique ethical questions that one does Essay

Does climate change pose any unique ethical questions that one does not find in other cases of environmental justice, for example when a factory pollutes a nearby neighbourhood - Essay Example If it requires more, it may purchase credits from companies who need less, providing it doesn’t exceed the ‘strict and enforceable emissions cap.’1 Morgenstern demonstrates how this cap has been successful in reducing CFCs and SO2. If a factory unintentionally pollutes a neighbourhood, the factory would legally be responsible for making repairs and paying compensation. A well-known example (made famous by the Erin Brockovich film2) is the Pacific Gas and Electric Company, which contaminated the water in Hinkley in 1993. In a BBC interview Dr Mayer Hillman from the Policy Studies Institute author of the book How We Can Save the Planet, and Dr James Woudhuysen from De Montford University, debate the possibility of Personal Carbon Rationing, whereby UK citizens are given annual carbon allowances, and each time they use electric, fly, or fill a car with petrol this is deducted from their allowance. In a similar manner to factory permits, if people require additional allowance, they need to purchase a top-up. Hillman’s idea for Personal Carbon Rating is not new, but Morgenstern suggests it,‘failed to gain more than rhetorical support in the last Administration.’3 Hillman is keen to stress that it’s fair, with people, ‘having equal shares.’4 The female presenter raises the unique ethical question when she asks: ‘do we each have a personal responsibility?’5 Dr Woodhuysen, thinks that we are not individually responsible, and points out that some people w ill ‘feel guilty,’ others may ‘feel good’ and suggests this promotes a culture of ‘finger waging and moralizing about everyday behaviour,’6 which he thinks is ethically unfair. Peter Singer in an interview with The Guardian is asked what is your biggest guilty green secret?’ and he responds that because of his work and family he flies a lot and states: ‘I know I can offset the flying in various ways,

Criminal Orginizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Orginizations - Essay Example No wonder that the same device which socially is a help may bring about new social trouble when groups clash with groups, or when minor units, families, crowds, or neighborhoods run counter to the demands of the supreme unit, the state. It is not always easy to reconcile conflicting codes and loyalties. The reading suggests that organized crime can be explained as illegal activities aimed to gain financial profits with the help of unlawful actions of disciple; Ned groups of people. The code is acknowledged and the state sets its categorical claims aside. Again group loyalty is permitted to assume the first place. Organized crime group life and structure are subject to other forces which do not stand still. They are deeply affected by technological innovations, the machine age, the age of birth control, the age of ideologies. Through the medium of nascent and dying units all these basic factors of human development and reversion bear on criminal behavior. A group comes into existence when at least one other person enters into relations with a given individual. Organized crime life presupposes interaction. The contact should therefore be not completely ephemeral or one-sided. A passer-by who happens to be knocked down in a dark street does not form a unit with the robber. He may be d runk and scarcely aware of the aggressor. He may even fight back. In no case has a group been set up. Yet there can be beginnings of organized crime with the policeman on his regular beat, with the boss, with a teacher or a priest. Imaginary partners and a person's sincere belief may constitute a social unit, fanciful, it is true, but operative (Lunde and Morton 2004). In general, organized crime groups require some continuity, intimacy, and emotional content. There are certainly group relations between father and son, between two friends, two lovers. Hate and fear are not absolutely group-preventing when compulsive nearness in a prison, in an office, in a neighborhood establishes a contact that otherwise would be avoided. Such units, of course, by necessity live on compromises, private nonaggression pacts, and methods of cooperation. Yet they may have a bearing on both partners' behavior. The "good" prisoner and the warden often live for years in the interdependence of this relationship and act accordingly. Much more often we think of a plurality of persons when we speak of social units. But the simple aggregate is not yet a group sociologically. It does not matter that they meet by chance in a certain square or room. This is just a multitude. But as soon as they go into the streets to show their love or their hate for the same man or the same cau se a metamorphosis has taken place. For a short time at least they have fallen in line psychologically; among all the remaining disparities one identity has made its appearance, which takes command of the multitude and suddenly makes it one, "unum," an organized crime unit. The permanence of these groups does not mean that behind their rigid structure individuals do not come and go. Young people leave their families and set up their own homes. In a highly competitive world, Organized crime groups are designed to substitute for individual competition. The strength of the organized crime u

international business environment Legal considerations Essay Example for Free

international business environment Legal considerations Essay The legal aspects are important for the business choice. Laws are different in every country. Laws would regulate business practice, define the manner and set down the rights and obligations. This made business have to run within the border set by law and definitely affects the efficiency and profitability when running business in that country. The type of legal system. The legal system in Spain and Korea is based on civil law, while court precedents are not granted official status as law. The Spanish legal system is based on comprehensive legal codes and laws rooted in Roman law, as opposed to common law, which is based on precedent court rulings. Because Japan occupied Korea from 1910 to 1945, the Korean legal system resembles the Japanese system. After the occupation however, there were attempts to adopt many aspects of the American legal system. It must be remembered that the first civilian government commenced only in 1992, and thereafter, increasingly more democratic reforms have taken place.1 Both countries use contracts and they are important for doing business in both countries. Neither Korea or Spain has advantage to the type of legal system. The protection of property right The definition of property right: In economics, property usually refers to ownership (rights to the proceeds of output generated) and control over the use of the means of production. They may be owned privately, by the state, by those who use it, or held in common by society.2 The world property right index 2012 shows the differences between the countries and the country’s world ranking. South Korea and Spain are both in the top 40 of the index. Spain ended this year on the 35th place and South Korea on the 40th place. The overall score off all the points together we can say that Spain compared with Korea is better in protection of property rights. In the figure on the next page we compare South Korea with Spain. The higher the score the better protection of property right. Property right is important for running a business because the better protect the better is the stability of the company. Overall score South Korea vs. Spain in the international world index 2012 The protection of intellectual property Intellectual property is a juridical concept which refers to creations of the mind for which exclusive rights are recognized. Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs. Common types of intellectual property rights include copyright, trademarks, patents, industrial design rights and in some jurisdictions trade secrets. 4 South Korea has an government organization called KIPO. This is the governmental authority in charge of intellectual property in Korea. The mission of KIPO is to help Korea become an advanced country by providing legal and institutional administration for the creation and utilization of highly creative, value-added intellectual property and by promoting technological innovation and industrial development. In Spain the main law regulating intellectual property protection is the 1996 Int ellectual Property Law. With regard to industrial property, no single law covers all aspects. Instead, this is regulated by a package of different laws, including the Patent Law, trade mark law and the law on the legal protection of industrial designs5 In the international property right index, South Korea and Spain score exactly the same and ends on the 27th place. There are 130 countries in the index so the both are trustful countries. Corruption A country where corruption is low is a really important factor to choose for a country. Corruption costs a lot of money and affects the company negative. Korea has an independent commission against Corruption. The Korea Independent Commission Against Corruption is an independent commission that reports to the President in its fight against corruption and the consequent promotion of the clean administration of South Korea. In a coordinated  effort with other monitoring agencies, also known proverbially as watchdogs, the KICAC is involved in producing policies and orchestrating preventive activities.6 Spain has different organisations to fight against corruption. The Special Attorney General’s Office for the Repression of Economic Offences related with Corruption(ACPO) is the biggest and well known organisation in Spain. 7 According to the Corruption perception index Spain scores better than South Korea. The Corruption Perceptions Index ranks countries/territories based on how corrupt a country’s public sector is perceived to be. It is a composite index, drawing on corruption-related data from expert and business surveys carried out by a variety of independent and reputable institutions. The difference between the two countries is not that big but Spain would be a saver option. Labour law Spain and South Korea have both a minimum wage8. The minimum wage in Korea is lower than in Spain which is positive for the production costs. The maximum and average working hours in Spain are also lower than in South Korea. The maximum working hours in Spain are 40 hours a week and in South Korea 48. This is positive for the production because you can have longer days and the costs are lower as well. Forced labor and child labor are prohibited in both countries. In Korea children under the age of 18 may work under certain conditions. In spain the minimum age is 16. To do so, in Korea they require a special employment certificate from the Labor Ministry, which is rarely issued because education is compulsory until the age of 14. Children under the age of 18 who wish to work require written approval from their parents or guardians. Environmental law South Korea is connected with the AECEN. This is the Asian Environmental Compliance and Enforcement Network and there is an agreement between 16 Asian countries dedicated to improving cooperation with environmental laws in Asia. The mission of the Ministry of Environment in South Korea is to protect the national territory from threats of environmental pollution and  to improve the quality of life for the public. This includes ensuring the people of South Korea can enjoy the natural environment, clean water and clear skies. Furthermore, the Ministry aims to contribute to the global efforts to protect the Earth. In February 2008, the Korea Meteorological Administration became an affiliate of the Ministry of Environment to facilitate countermeasures against climate change In Spain the central government represents Spain in the European Union and transposes European legislation into Spanish law. It is responsible for adopting national legislation on the basic and common aspects of the environment. Both countries take the environment more than serious because it can effect business and people. The better and stricter the environmental law in the country the better and more effective you can produce your products. Nowadays the mission of most companies is to be green and fight against global warming. The regulations in Europe / Spain are more strict than in Asia what can be a reason to choose for Spain. The investment in expensive machinery and products to produce is maybe higher at the start but with better machinery companies can produce more cleaner and more effective. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Spain http://www.korealaw.com/sub/information/boardView.asp?brdId=overviewbrdIdx=1gotopage=1search=search_string= http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Korea-South-WORKING-CONDITIONS.html

Cryptography: Theories, Functions and Strategies

Cryptography: Theories, Functions and Strategies Abstract Digital signing is a mechanism for certifying the origin and the integrity of electronically transmitted information. In the process of digitally signing, additional information called a digital signature is added to the given document, calculated using the contents of the document and some private key. At a later stage, this information can be used to check the origin of the signed document. The mathematical base of the digital signing of documents is public key cryptography. This work presents the theory behind digital signatures, signature schemes and attacks on signatures and provides a survey of application areas of the digital signing technology. Moreover, there are lab exercises developed in Mathlab, to reinforce the understanding of this technology. 1. Introduction The Concise Oxford Dictionary (2006) defines cryptography as the art of writing or solving codes, however modern cryptography does not met this definition. Therefore, this work starts with a literature review defining some key concepts, like what cryptography and cryptographic system are and the different types of cryptographic system are presented. The other interesting and preliminary concept is the notion of cryptosystem functions which are also discussed in the introductory section. Furthermore, it is stated that public-key encryption represents a revolution in the field of cryptography, and this work poses some basic definitions on this topic trying to explain the theory behind. The rest of the literature review is concentrated on public key cryptography and it focuses on the theory behind digital signatures, signature schemes and attacks on signatures. And finally, the literature review presents a survey of application areas on digital signatures. One part of the contribution of this work, is an overview of the secure hash standard (SHS) and implementation of the secure hash algorithm (SHA-1), required for use with digital signature algorithms. The main part though, is the implementation of AES and RSA by utilizing Mathlab. The code of all these implementations is thoroughly discussed and explained in this work. Moreover, a comparison is also presented subsequently. 2. Cryptography The Greek words â€Å"krypt ´os† standing for â€Å"hidden† and the word â€Å"l ´ogos† that means â€Å"word†, are in essence the base from where the word cryptology was derived. As these words denote, cryptology can be best explained by the meaning â€Å"hidden word†. In this context, the original purpose behind cryptology is hiding the meaning of some specific combination of words which in turn would insure secrecy and confidentiality. This is a very limited viewpoint in today’s perspective and a wide range of security applications and issues now come under the term of cryptology (rest of the portion of this section will clarify this point of view). As field of mathematical science, Cryptology includes the study of both cryptanalysis as well as cryptography. On one hand, cryptography is a very broad term and represents any process used for data protection. On the other hand, the study of security related issues and the probabilities of breaking the cryptographic systems and a technique is known as cryptanalysis. By making reference to (Shirey, 2000), the field cryptanalysis can be best described as the â€Å"mathematical science that deals with analysis of a cryptographic system in order to gain knowledge needed to break or circumvent the protection that the system is designed to provide.† In simple words, cryptanalyst can be regarded as the opponent of the cryptographer i.e. he/she has to get around the security which cryptographer devised on his/her part. (Buchmann, 2004) claims that a cryptographic system (or in short a cryptosystem) describes â€Å"a set of cryptographic algorithms together with the key management processes that support use of the algorithms in some application context.† This is a diverse explanation that includes all sorts of cryptographic algorithms as well as protocols. However, hidden parameters like cryptographic keys may or may not be used by a cryptographic system (Delfs, 2007). Similarly, participants of the undergoing communication may or may not share those secret parameters. Thus, cryptographic can be classified into following three types: a cryptographic system in which no secret parameters are employed (called an un-keyed cryptosystem); a cryptosystem which makes use of secret parameters and at the same time shares the parameters between the participants (known as a secret key cryptographic system); and a system that utilizes the secret parameters, but not sharing them with the participants (call ed a public key cryptographic system) (Shirey, 2000; Buchmann, 2004). Cryptography aims at designing and implementing cryptographic systems and utilizing such systems which are secure effectively. The first a formal definition about the term cryptography dates from relatively past time. Back then, the approach known by the name â€Å"security through obscurity† was being used (Dent, 2004). There are a lot of examples based on this approach by which security of the system was improved by keeping internal working and design secret. Majority of those systems do not serve the purpose and security may well be violated. The Kerckhoffs’ principle is a very famous cryptographic principle which states that (Kerckhoffs, 1883): â€Å"Except for parameters clearly defined to be secret, like the cryptographic keys, a cryptosystem must be designed in such a way as to be secure even with the case that the antagonist knows all details about the system†. However, it might be noted that one important aspect is that a cryptosystem is perfectly securing theoretically grounds, but it may not remain the same when implemented practically. Different possibilities of generating attacks on security of such systems can arise while having the practical implementation (Anderson, 1994). Attacks which make use of exploitation of side channel information are the examples of such attacks. If a cryptosystem is executed, it can result in the retrieval of side channel information with unspecified inputs and outputs (Anderson, 1994). In encryption systems, the input is plaintext message plus the key, while the specific output is the cipher text. Thus, there are chances on information leakage. Power consumption, timing characteristics along with the radiation of all types are some examples in this regard. On the other hand, side channel attacks are the types of network attacks which extract side channel information. Since the mid 1990s there were many di fferent possibilities have been found by the researchers in order to build up side channel attacks. A few examples in this regard are the differential power analysis (Bonehl, 1997), and fault analysis (Biham, 1997; Kocher, 1999) as well as the timing attacks (Kocher, 1996). It is a very practical statement that any computation performed on real computer systems represents some physical phenomena which can be examined and analyzed to provide information regarding the keying material being employed. Cryptography does not help to cope with this situation because of the inherent nature of this problem. 2.1 Cryptosystem functions Other than the usual random bit generators as well as the hash functions, there are no secret parameters that are used in cryptosystem functions. These are the junketed functions that characterize the cryptographic system functions. In cryptographic functions, the elements used are usually one-way and it is difficult or almost impossible to invert them. This follows that it is easy to compute a cryptographic function whereas it is hard to invert the functions and also to compute the results of the relationships (Kerckhoffs, 1883). It is difficult to apply any mathematical method for inverting the cryptographic system functions in a way that will be coherent and meaningful. For example, a cryptographic system functions such as F: X → Y is easy to comfortably use mathematical knowledge to compute while it is hard to use the same to invert (Buchmann, 2004; Shirey, 2000). There are many examples of one-way functions that we can use to demonstrate the meaning of the cryptosystems. In a situation where one has stored numbers on the cell phone, computation of the same is possible and easy due to the fact that the names are stored in an alphabetical manner (Garrett, 2001). If one inverts the relationship of these functions, it will be impossible to compute because the numbers are not arranged numerically in the storage phonebook. It is notable that a lot of other things that we do in daily life are comparable to cryptosystem function in the sense that you cannot invert or undo them. For example, if one breaks a glass, the process is one way because it is not possible for these pieces to be restored together again (Goldreich, 2004). Similarly, when one drops something into water, it is not practically possible to reverse the action of dropping this item (Mao, 2003). The English corresponding action would be to un-drop the item as opposed to picking it. Cry ptosystem functions cannot be demonstrated as purely one-way and this is the branching point between cryptosystem functions and the real world of things and circumstances. The only one-way functions in mathematics can be exemplified by discrete exponentiation, modular power and modular square functions. Public key cryptography uses these functions in its operations but it has not been well documented whether they are really one-way or not. There has been debate in practice whether one-way functions really exist in the first place or not (Garrett, 2001). In the recent day cryptographic discussions a lot of care should be applied when referring to the one-way functions so as not to interfere or make false claims to the functional attributes of these parameters. There is a need to look for extra information and knowledge concerning one-way functions so that efficient and meaningful inversions are possible and mathematically coherent. Therefore, functions such as F: X → Y is considered to be a one-way function (Koblitz, 1994; Schneier, 1996). This follows that if F can successfully and coherently inverted, the need for extra information is needed. This will hence bring the notion of the meaning of the other parameters in relation to F. Computer science uses the hash functions in its operations. This is because these functions are computable and generates output dependent on the input that was used (Katz, 2007; Koblitz, 1994). 3. Digital signatures The public-key encryption presents a revolution in the field of cryptography and until its invention the cryptographers had relied completely on common, secret keys in order to achieve confidential communication (Smart, 2003). On the contrary, the public-key techniques, allow for the parties to communicate privately without the requirement to decide on a secret key in advance. While the concept of private-key cryptography is presented as two parties agree on a secret keyk which can be used (by either party) for both encryption and decryption; public-key encryption is asymmetric in both these respects (Stinson, 2005). Namely, in public-key encryption: One party (the receiver) generates a pair of keys (pk, sk), where pk is called the public key and ps is the private key, The public key is used by a sender to encrypt a message for the receiver, and The receiver uses the private key to decrypt that message. There three parts of information form part of public key certificate: Some naming information A Public key Digital signatures (this can be one or more) Encryptions and digital signatures were introduced to make the web transactions secure and manageable. The use of cryptographic techniques was applied to enhance and provide security layer such that the encrypted information and files would remain secure and confidential. Very frequently, a digital signature is mistaken with the inverse of a public-key encryption, but this is not entirely true. In the history, a digital signature could be obtained by reversing, but today in the majority of the situations this process would be impossible to be performed. Basically, a digital signature is a form of a mathematical scheme for signifying the genuineness of a digital message. A valid digital signature would provide a proof to the person that receives the message or the document that these information is indeed created by a specified sender. Moreover, it would prove that message or the document was not altered during the transportation. Digital signatures are usually used for software distribution or mainly money transactions, where it is very important to detect the possibility of forgery. As a part of the field in asymmetric cryptography, it might be noted that a digital signature is somehow equivalent of the traditional handwritten signatures. On the other hand, in order to be effective, a digital signature should be correctly implemented. Another very important concept is the notion of non-repudiation. This means that if somebody signs a document by using a digital signature, they can not say that it was not signed by them, even though their private key remains as a secret. On the other hand, there is a time stamp, so that even if the private key of a sender is compromised in future, the digital signature will remain valid. Examples of such messages are: electronic mail contracts messages sent via some cryptographic protocol A digital signature usually is comprised of: An algorithm for producing a key. This algorithm would find a private key by chance from all the possible private keys available. Then it will output that private key with a matching public key. A signing algorithm that, given a message and a private key, produces a signature. A signature authenticating algorithm that, given a message, public key and a signature, it will accept or reject the message. Primary, a signature produced from a fixed message and a private key verifies that the genuineness of that message is ok, by means of the matching public key. Then, it has to be computationally infeasible to make an appropriate signature for a party that doesn’t have the private key 4. Algorithms 4.1. Introduction to SHS This section provides an overview of the secure hash standard (SHS) and implementation of the secure hash algorithm (SHA-1), required for use with digital signature algorithms. SHA-1 is used for computing a compressed version of a message or a data file. If that data has a length smaller than 264 buts, then the output will be 160-bit and is called a message digest. The message digest used for an input to the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA). This algorithm will verify the signature for the message. Signing the message digest instead of the originall message itself, might advance the effectiveness of the procedure. This is since the message digest is usually much slighter in size than the original message. Very important is that the same hash algorithm should be used by both the verifier and the digital signature creator. The usage of the SHA-1 with the DSA can be presented as follows: Interesting for SHA-1 is that it is computationally impossible to discover a message which matchs to a given digest. Moreover, it is also impossible to find two dissimilar messages which create an identical message digest. 4.2. Implementation of SHA-1 The following functions were implemented for the SHA-1 algorithm: Name of source file: secure_hash_algorithm.m. Function in the source file: secure_hash_algorithm (message). This function takes an input a string of characters. Example: Hello, How are you? How is it going on? Output is the message digest, the hash value of the message. Thus, the hash value of the above message is F418F52AE6DC208599F91191E6C40FA876F33754. Name of source file: arithematic_shift_operations.m. Function in the source file: arithematic_shift_operations (number, position, op). The inputs are: number: it is a hexadecimal large number of any size. The number is represented in base 16 and is stored as a string. Ex: ‘FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF’ position: the number of positions to be shifted by. It is a decimal number in base 10. Op: it is the type of operation done. Inputs are ‘SRA’ -> shift right arithematic and ‘SLA’ -> shift left arithematic. For example, the function: arithematic_shift_operations(‘FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF’, 3, ‘SRA’) would return ‘1FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF’, and arithematic_shift_operations(‘FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF’, 3, ‘SLA’) would return ‘FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF8’. Name of source file: bi2hex.m. Function in the source file: bi2hex (number). The input to this function is a vector of ones and zeros and the result is a hexadecimal output represented in string. For example, for the input â€Å"Number = [1 1 1 1]† bi2hex (Number) returns ‘F’ and for â€Å"Number = [1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 ]† bi2hex (Number) returns ‘F1’. Name of source file: hex2bi.m. Function in the source file: hex2bi (number). The input to this function is a number stored in form of a string in base 16 and the result is a vector containing the binary representation of input string. For example, for the input â€Å"Number = ‘F’ †, hex2bi (Number) returns â€Å"[1 1 1 1]† and for â€Å"Number = ‘F1’ â€Å", bi2hex (Number) returns â€Å"[1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1]†. Name of source file: hexadecimal_big_number_adder.m. Function in the source file: hexadecimal_big_number_adder (number_one, number_two). The inputs to this function are numbers stored in hexadecimal string format. Output is the result, a hexadecimal string and carry, a decimal number. After using this function, it has to be checked if the carry is generated, Incase if it is generated then the carry has to be appended in the beginning to the result. For example: Number_one = ‘FFFFFFFF’ Number_two = ‘EEEEEEEE’ [result, carry] = hexadecimal_big_number_adder (Number_one, Number_two) Result = ‘EEEEEEED’ , carry = 1; Hence the real sum is Result = strcat(dec2hex(0), Result); this results to ‘1EEEEEEED’ Name of source file: hexadecimal_big_number_subtractor.m. Function in the source file: hexadecimal_big_number_subtractor(number_one, number_two). The inputs to this function are numbers stored in hexadecimal string format. Output is the result, a hexadecimal string and sign, a decimal number. If sign is -1, then the result generated is a negative number else is a positive number. . For example: Number_one= ‘EEEEEEEE’ Number_two= ‘FFFFFFFF’ [result, sign] = hexadecimal_big_number_subtractor(Number_one, Number_two) Result = ‘11111111’ Sign = -1. Name of source file: hexadecimal_big_number_multiprecision_multiplication.m. Function in the source file: hexadecimal_big_number_multiprecision_multiplication(multiplicand, multiplier). The input is a multiplicand stored in string format is a hexadecimal number. And so is multiplier. The output is a result and is stored in form of a string. For example: multiplicand= ‘EEEEEEEE’ multiplier= ‘FFFFFFFF’ hexadecimal_big_number_multiprecision_multiplication(multiplicand, multiplier) result is ‘EEEEEEED11111112’ Name of source file: comparision_of.m. Function in the source file: comparision_of(number_one, number_two, index). This function compares two numbers in hexadecimal format stored in form of strings. Always input index as decimal 1. Therefore, it: Returns 1 if Number_one > Number_two, Returns 0 if Number_one = Number_two, and Returns -1 if Number_one For example, if Number_one= ‘EEEEEEEE’ Number_two= ‘FFFFFFFF’, the result would be: comparision_of(Number_one, Number_two, 1) returns -1. Name of source file: hexadecimal_big_number_modular_exponentiation.m. Function in the source file: hexadecimal_big_number_modular_exponentiation (base, exponent, modulus). This function calculates (power(base, exponent) % modulus). Here the input base, exponent and modulus are hexadecimal strings of any size. For example: Base = ‘FFF’ Exponent = ‘EEE’ Modulus = ‘AAAA’ hexadecimal_big_number_modular_exponentiation (Base, Exponent, Modulus) returns ‘8BAB’ Name of source file: hexadecimal_big_number_multiplicative_inverse.m. Function in the source file: Z = hexadecimal_big_number_multiplicative_inverse(number_one, number_two). This function returns multiplicative inverse of number_two modulo number_one. If az = 1 (mod m) then z is the multiplicative inverse of a mod m. Here â€Å"number_one = m†, â€Å"number_two = a†, â€Å"number_one = ‘FFFF’ †, â€Å"number_two = ‘1235’ â€Å" andresult is ‘634D’, which in turn is the multiplicative inverse of number_two.Hence : (result * number_two) mod number_one = 1 Name of source file: hexadecimal_big_number_test_for_primality.m. Function in the source file: hexadecimal_big_number_test_for_primality(number). The input to this function is an ODD number stored in hexadecimal format as a string. This function returns 1 if the input is a prime and returns -1 if input is composite. Name of source file: power_of_two_conversion_to_hexadecimal.m. Function in the source file: power_of_two_conversion_to_hexadecimal(power). The input is the number, the power to which two has to be raised to. It is a decimal number and the output is a hexadecimal number in form of string. For example, power_of_two_conversion_to_hexadecimal(4) returns ‘10’ i.e 16 in decimal system. Name of source file: hexadecimal_big_number_division.m. Function in the source file: hexadecimal_big_number_division (dividend, divisor). This function returns quotient and remainder both in hexadecimal string format. The inputs to this function are strings of hexadecimal format. This function uses other two functions in turn which are defined in source file Get_multiplier.m, multiplication_by_single_digit_multiplier.m. Name of source file: remove_leading_zeros.m. Function in the source file: remove_leading_zeros (number). This function takes number in hexadecimal string format as input and removes the leading zeros in the string and returns it. For example, if â€Å"Number = ‘000000012345’ â€Å", then the function returns ‘12345’. Some of the most prominent functions are presented in Appendix A. 4.3. Introduction to MD5 The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm is a extensively utilised in cryptographic hash functions. Basically this is the case for cryptographic hash functions with a 128-bit (16-byte) hash value. MD5 is used in many security applications, and in addition it is frequently used to check data integrity. An MD5 hash is typically expressed as a 32-digit hexadecimal number. The following figure represents a schematic view of the MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm. 4.4. Implementation of MD5 This algorithm would compute MD5 hash function for files. For example, if as input is given the d = md5(FileName), then the function md5() will computes the MD5 hash function of the file specified in the string FileName. This function will returns it as a 64-character array dwhere d is the digest. The following methodology that the MD5 algorithm was implemented: Initially, the function Digestis called. This function would read the whole file, and will make it uint32 vector FileName = C:\md5InputFile.txt [Message,nBits] = readmessagefromfile(FileName); Then, it would append a bit in the last one that was read from that file: BytesInLastInt = mod(nBits,32)/8; if BytesInLastInt Message(end) = bitset(Message(end),BytesInLastInt*8+8); else Message = [Message; uint32(128)]; end Consequetly, it will append the zeros: nZeros = 16 mod(numel(Message)+2,16); Message = [Message; zeros(nZeros,1,uint32)]; And a bit length of the original message as uint64, such as the lower significant uint32 first: Lower32 = uint32(nBits); Upper32 = uint32(bitshift(uint64(nBits),-32)); Message = [Message; Lower32; Upper32]; The 64-element transformation array is: T = uint32(fix(4294967296*abs(sin(1:64)))); The 64-element array of number of bits for circular left shift: S = repmat([7 12 17 22; 5 9 14 20; 4 11 16 23; 6 10 15 21].,4,1); S = S(:).; Finally, the 64-element array of indices into X can be presented as: idxX = [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 6 11 0 5 10 15 4 9 14 3 8 13 2 7 12 5 8 11 14 1 4 7 10 13 0 3 6 9 12 15 2 0 7 14 5 12 3 10 1 8 15 6 13 4 11 2 9] + 1; The initial state of the buffer is consisting of A, B, C and D. such as: A = uint32(hex2dec(67452301)); B = uint32(hex2dec(efcdab89)); C = uint32(hex2dec(98badcfe)); D = uint32(hex2dec(10325476)); The message is reshaped, such as: Message = reshape(Message,16,[]); The look between the blocks, such that X is an extraction of the next block: for iBlock = 1:size(Message,2) X = Message(:,iBlock); The buffer states are stored as: AA = A; BB = B; CC = C; DD = D; The buffer is transformed by utilizing the X block from above, and the parameters from S, T and idxX k = 0; for iRound = 1:4 for q = 1:4 A = Fun(iRound,A,B,C,D,X(idxX(k+1)),S(k+1),T(k+1)); D = Fun(iRound,D,A,B,C,X(idxX(k+2)),S(k+2),T(k+2)); C = Fun(iRound,C,D,A,B,X(idxX(k+3)),S(k+3),T(k+3)); B = Fun(iRound,B,C,D,A,X(idxX(k+4)),S(k+4),T(k+4)); k = k + 4; end end The old buffer state is also being added: A = bitadd32(A,AA); B = bitadd32(B,BB); C = bitadd32(C,CC); D = bitadd32(D,DD); end The message digest is being formed the following way: Str = lower(dec2hex([A;B;C;D])); Str = Str(:,[7 8 5 6 3 4 1 2]).; Digest = Str(:).; The subsequent functionality is performed by the following operations: function y = Fun(iRound,a,b,c,d,x,s,t) switch iRound case 1 q = bitor(bitand(b,c),bitand(bitcmp(b),d)); case 2 q = bitor(bitand(b,d),bitand(c,bitcmp(d))); case 3 q = bitxor(bitxor(b,c),d); case 4 q = bitxor(c,bitor(b,bitcmp(d))); end y = bitadd32(b,rotateleft32(bitadd32(a,q,x,t),s)); And the bits are rotated such as: function y = rotateleft32(x,s) y = bitor(bitshift(x,s),bitshift(x,s-32)); The sum function is presented as: function sum = bitadd32(varargin) sum = varargin{1}; for k = 2:nargin add = varargin{k}; carry = bitand(sum,add); sum = bitxor(sum,add); for q = 1:32 shift = bitshift(carry,1); carry = bitand(shift,sum); sum = bitxor(shift,sum); end end A message is being read frm a file, such as: function [Message,nBits] = readmessagefromfile(FileName) [hFile,ErrMsg] = fopen(FileName,r); error(ErrMsg); Message = fread(hFile,inf,ubit32=>uint32); fclose(hFile); d = dir(FileName); nBits = d.bytes*8; Lastly, the auto test function is the following: function md5autotest disp(Running md5 autotest); Messages{1} = ; Messages{2} = a; Messages{3} = abc; Messages{4} = message digest; Messages{5} = abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz; Messages{6} = ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789; Messages{7} = char(128:255); CorrectDigests{1} = d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e; CorrectDigests{2} = 0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661; CorrectDigests{3} = 900150983cd24fb0d6963f7d28e17f72; CorrectDigests{4} = f96b697d7cb7938d525a2f31aaf161d0; CorrectDigests{5} = c3fcd3d76192e4007dfb496cca67e13b; CorrectDigests{6} = d174ab98d277d9f5a5611c2c9f419d9f; CorrectDigests{7} = 16f404156c0500ac48efa2d3abc5fbcf; TmpFile = tempname; for k=1:numel(Messages) [h,ErrMsg] = fopen(TmpFile,w); error(ErrMsg); fwrite(h,Messages{k},char); fclose(h); Digest = md5(TmpFile); fprintf(%d: %sn,k,Digest); if ~strcmp(Digest,CorrectDigests{k}) error(md5 autotest failed on the following string: %s,Messages{k}); end end delete(TmpFile); disp(md5 autotest passed!); 4.4.1 Results This algorithm is tested with the input: university of Portsmouth department of electronic and computer engineering. This was written on the file: â€Å"C://md5InputFile.txt†. The outpus results are as in the following fugures: Textual description of the output results follows: OUTPUT FileName = C:\md5InputFile.txt Running md5 autotest FileName = C:\md5InputFile.txt 1986621045 1769173605 1864399220 1867522150 1836282994 1752462703 1885692960 1836348001 544501349 1696622191 1952671084 1768845170 1851859043 1868767332 1953853549 1696625253 1852401518 1769104741 26478 1: 3129b41fa9e7159c2a03ad8c161a7424 FileName = C:\md5InputFile.txt 1986621045 1769173605 1864399220 1867522150 1836282994 1752462703 1885692960 1836348001 544501349 1696622191 1952671084 1768845170 1851859043 1868767332 1953853549 1696625253 1852401518 1769104741 26478 2: 3129b41fa9e7159c2a03ad8c161a7424 FileName = C:\md5InputFile.txt 1986621045 1769173605 1864399220 1867522150 1836282994 1752462703 1885692960 1836348001 544501349 1696622191 1952671084 1768845170 1851859043 1868767332 1953853549 1696625253 1852401518 1769104741 26478 3: 3129b41fa9e7159c2a03ad8c161a7424 FileName = C:\md5InputFile.txt 1986621045 1769173605 1864399220 1867522150 1836282994 1752462703 1885692960 1836348001 544501349 1696622191 1952671084 1768845170 1851859043 1868767332 1953853549 1696625253 1852401518 1769104741 26478 4: 3129b41fa9e7159c2a03ad8c161a7424 FileName = C:\md5InputFile.txt 1986621045 1769173605 1864399220 1867522150 1836282994 1752462703 1885692960 1836348001 544501349 1696622191 1952671084 1768845170 1851859043 1868767332 1953853549 1696625253 1852401518 1769104741 26478 5: 3129b41fa9e7159c2a03ad8c161a7424 FileName = C:\md5InputFile.txt 1986621045 1769173605 1864399220 1867522150 1836282994 1752462703 1885692960 1836348001 544501349 1696622191 1952671084 1768845170 1851859043 1868767332 1953853549 1696625253 1852401518 1769104741 26478 6: 3129b41fa9e7159c2a03ad8c161a7424 FileName = C:\md5InputFile.txt 1986621045 1769173605 1864399220 1867522150 1836282994 1752462703 1885692960 1836348001 544501349 1696622191 1952671084 1768845170 1851859043 1868767332 1953853549 1696625253 1852401518 1769104741 26478 7: 3129b41fa9e7159c2a03ad8c161a7424 md5 autotest passed! 4.5. Introduction to Caesar cipher The Caesar cipher in cryptography, is in essence a shift cipher. It represents as one of the simplest and most widely known encryption methodologies. The Caesar cipher is a kind of substitution cipher. It means that each letter in a given plaintext is replaced by another letter. This is done due shifting by some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. Julius Caesar was the first to use this ci