Analyse how Frayn presents relationships between adults and children in Spies Essay Example

India vs Bharat Essay Example for Free

India versus Bharat Essay Old Indians were not known to have an extraordinary feeling of history. Antiquarians have needed to depend a great deal on accounts by remote explorers and outside sources to reproduce our history. And every single such source, including Megasethenes, Fa-hsien and numerous medieval Arab explorers, have consistently discovered that Indians were strikingly decent and that wrongdoing was uncommon. Most students of history including A.L. Basham and ongoing essayists like Abraham Eraly have treated such ruddy records with doubt only on the grounds that remedies in legitimate writing, to a great extent involving the Smritis, mirrored a progressively shaky and harsher society. This could either show that these remote voyagers were all whimsical in their compositions on antiquated India or that these ‘sacred’ writings assumed a negligible job in administering the Hindu lifestyle. Aside from the ridiculousness of the recommendation that a voyager would lie in commendation of a remote land, the later situation shows up progressively plausible due to another intriguing aspect of antiquated Hindu society-negligible State impedance in the day by day life of a resident. Accordingly there was no larger government controlling a code of laws or implementing disciplines to keep up lawfulness and forestall wrongdoings. The codes of Manu, Katyayana or Narada were to a great extent superfluous to the normal Hindu. There seems to have been an idle acknowledgment that the State and its laws are inalienably unequipped for making a wrongdoing free society and the onus for this needs to rest all the more locally; maybe even on the person. What's more, it is this acknowledgment that needs to first light in today’s India. The acknowledgment that ’12000 in addition to police headquarters in somewhere in the range of 7 lakh towns and towns can't direct more than 110 crore people’. Prof. Werner Menski, in his fundamental work on Hindu Law (Hindu Law: Beyond Tradition and Modernity, Oxford University Press, 2003), clarifies the Hindu perspective on managing violations most precisely. He composes that notwithstanding the acknowledgment of fall in human qualities from the brilliant time of early ages, law and discipline in the late old style time frame were never used to dislodge â€Å"self-control† as the essential social standard. He composes †The calculated desire for self-controlled request in traditional Hindu law would have engaged, on a basic level if not practically speaking, all Hindus to decide forâ themselves, as people subject to the most elevated request, what they ought to do. A ruler’s guarantee to make what Hart called ‘primarily rules’ would never have created in such a theoretical atmosphere, since in the traditional Hindu frameworks such essential standards were to be developed in the social circle and should th en be actualized locally and exclusively in self-controlled fashion.† It would be very off-base to accept that the customary, traditional dependence on individual and situational discretion was totally abandoned†¦threats of discipline of are not simply secular†¦as most lawful analysts have assumed†¦transgressions of Dharma are likewise observed as sins, which require compensation as well as draw in after death consequences.† (Emphasis provided) Along these lines, the acknowledgment that the essential onus of holding fast to Dharma is on the individual normally implied that outside/cultural intercessions as laws and disciplines were pointless in making a wrongdoing free society. The accentuation rather was on empowering a Dharmic still, small voice among residents. Prof. Menski clarifies the present importance of this thought â€Å"In this respect it is educational to allude to the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 which is broadly observed for instance of the purposeless endeavors by the state law to abrogate socio-lawful practices in Indian society†¦disgusted with the shocking impasse more than a huge number of settlement passings consistently, a few ladies activists started to require an ethical reappraisal. However, does this imply the wheel of history ought to in actuality be turned have returned to Asoka’s vision? Postmodernist investigation perceives (yet with some hesitance) that the old Hindu ideas of ‘examining one’s conscience’ (atmanastuti) and ‘model behaviour’ (Sadacara) hold their significance today. While some pioneer pundits have colossal trouble with this sort of approach, it can't be simply excused out of hand.† What is required in India today is an ethical reappraisal on Dharmik lines. We Indians have come to soak up flippancy. In the western origination of Individual opportunity and freedom, ethical quality is a shackle. An assortment of western scholars including Nietzsche, Freud, Foucault, Marx joined reason in assaulting loyalty to ‘morality’ as something that ruins individual prospering or supports certain inconsistent financial relations. We have subliminally adjusted this disposition of flippancy as a characteristic accompanying of individual opportunity or free market; without understanding that not at all like western ethical quality which was cultivated and continued by the Church and the State Bharatiyamorality is individual-driven and opportunity empowering. It is likewise essential to stress, particularly in the present setting, that our profound quality is completely sexually unbiased. A Dharmik society or Bharat will render most sorts of activism that we have s een after the Delhi assault, particularly the women's activist assortment, excess. India lamentably has neglected to show its kids Dharmic profound quality. The main moralities we have come to follow are opportunity and achievement. Today we feel overwhelmed by a man from Gujarat who assembled an extraordinary business realm clearly through deceptive and ethically presume implies; all for the sake of his prosperity. Seven centuries back Marco Polo felt overwhelmed by an alternate sort of Gujarati representatives the common vendors of Lata who as per the Venetial explorer â€Å"are among the best and most dependable shippers on the planet; to no end on earth would they lie and all that they state is true.† Isn’t this a case of the distinction among India and Bharat?

Reverend Hale Character Analysis Essay Sample

Reverend Hale Character Analysis Essay Sample haracter Study of Reverend Hale Arthur Miller’s play ‘The Crucible” was based on the historical account of the Salem witch trials in 1692. At that time 19 men and women were convicted and executed by Salem court. Miller depicts a particularly dark period in American history but he moves beyond the discussion of witchcraft and instead, he focuses on human motivation and subsequent behavior. Miller transforms faceless names from American history into living characters who had emotion, desires, and free will. Arthur Miller creates the atmosphere of a restrictive society with a Puritan culture that determined the life of that historical period. Puritans relied on religious doctrine to determine what was socially acceptable and their life was characterized by religious fanaticism and intolerance to what they considered inappropriate or unacceptable from the point of view of their religion. People of Salem summon Reverend Hale who is a minister in the nearby Massachusetts town of Beverly to investigate Betty’s illness and determine if it was caused by the witchcraft. Reverend Hale is considered to be an expert in identifying witchcraft. He is a ‘spiritual doctor’ whose job is to diagnose if the witchcraft is responsible for Betty’s condition and provide a cure either through conversion or by removing the infected people from Salem. Hale is the most complex character in the play. He approaches religious matters as a scientist and emphasizes on a proper procedure. Reverend Hale is an intelligent man, a naïve witch hunter, and sees himself as a philosopher and a scientist. He is motivated by a sincere desire to help and good intentions. He devotes himself to work, probing for confessions and encouraging people of Salem to testify. He is compassionate and logical and always remains calm. His approach to the situation is precise and intellectual. Unfortunately, Hale’s eagerness for discovering witchcraft allows Abigail to manipulate him. He feels overwhelmed with the amount of evidence and although he is determined to declare witchcraft only if he can prove it, he takes the evidence of Salem people for granted at face value instead of investigating it himself. Later, Reverend Hale makes attempts to correct his shortcomings because he is striving for justice. He experiences a remarkable transformation over the course of the play. When talking with Mary Warren and John Proctor, he realizes that they are telling the truth and Abigail is a fraud. Reverend Hale makes attempts to persuade other prisoners to confess and help them avoid execution by using lies to prevent lies. But he can’t understand that these new lies would support the numerous slanders that the court has already committed. The actions of the play test Reverend Hale’s beliefs in witchcraft and his faith in the law. He can’t deny that children have manipulated him and realizes that he convicted innocent people and sent then to death. He undergoes a serious internal crisis and feels guilty. His attitude to witch trials changes immensely. This understanding is a heavy burden that changes his outlook. He wants to help the accused witches and counsels them to lie and confess just to save their own lives. Reverend Hale’s quotes reveal his traits of character and show his transformations. At first, he thought highly of himself as an expert in finding witchcraft and devilry. But later, in Act Four, Reverend Hale admits his arrogance and pride, when he says that he came into this village like a bridegroom to his beloved, bearing gifts of high religion [] and what [he] touched with [his] bright confidence, it died []. He admits that he was doing wrong. Gradually, Hale changes. When he quits the court, he becomes a much better man. He grows from an accuser to sympathizer. Suddenly, be begins to understand that the church can be used for evil. Arthur Miller shows that all people are constantly changing due to different events that happen in their life. Besides, Miller shows that people are shaped when they react to these situations.

Skype And The Internet Protocol Essay - 925 Words

Skype is a texting and voice chat application that permits clients to associate with each other from any part of globe with Internet access. Skype is one of the most well-known and leading voice communication services in the world. Skype is free, which implies that you can check the product without making any investment. It was created by Niklas Zennstro and Janus Friis in 2003. Five years later, eBay one of the world’s largest online commercial center purchased Skype for $2.6 billion. Finally, in 2011, the software giant Microsoft purchased Skype from eBay for $8.5 billion. Skype has nearly 663 million users worldwide. Through these numbers, we can know how much popularity Skype has gained within a short span of time. Skype is one of the least expensive Voice-over Internet-Protocol (VoIP) service. Furthermore, the subscriptions are done within minutes. Skype can be downloaded and run on any platform with free of cost. Any Skype client can interact with others, using the Skype call which is available for free. A group call up to twenty-five members is possible. To improve its revenue, Skype started using freemium model. This strategy clearly states that it offers free services to the customers and also lowers the cost by Skype’s P2P technology. Rather than following the traditional client-server approach, Skype decided to use peer-to-peer model (â€Å"P2P†) which makes a direct communication between clients with low search time and self-sustainability. The backbone ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on Unit 1 Assignment 1 Physical Networking835 Words   |  4 Pagestelephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, private base station. In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones. Landline phones: A landlineRead MoreVoice Over Internet Protocol Term Paper1367 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) is a technology that offers voice communications using the existing Internet protocols. Over the years the Internet has developed as a very cheap medium that has been used to send electronic mails and files across the globe. VoIP extends this concept and provides the facility to send voice data between people using the IP framework. Since the Internet is a cheap medium, enabling voice services through it will effectively cut costs that are normallyRead MoreEmerging Markets and Turbulent Markets1643 Words   |  7 Pagesnew and untested industry. Section A of this assignment will focus on Skype now a Microsoft Corporation subsidiary after a $8.5 billion deal in May 2011 as a firm that operates in the Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) industry an example of a firm that operates in an emerging industry(bbc.co.uk, 2011). Skype is a computer software program that permits users to make free voice and video calls and chats making use of an internet con nection. It is typical example of a firm that operate in an emergingRead MoreA Study on Skype as a VoIP Provider1094 Words   |  4 PagesThe Skype Abstract This study focused on the Skype as a VoIP provider in comparison with its competitors in the market. It further looked at the opportunity and threats of the firm and competition analysis. This paper also states the services which are being provided by its competitors. It discusses the threats and opportunity of these competitors and their prospect in the market compared with the Skype. In summary, it strengthens the market availability for the Skype and recommends necessaryRead MoreTechnology And Its Role On Communication1245 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology invented a new way of communication called Internet. Astoundingly communication can be done from anytime anyplace all over the world through internet. The number of people especially among young generations internet is gaining popularity exponentially. I aimed this research to understand its history, development, benefits to mankind and its role on communication. After the invention of computer in 1950, world got familiar with th e concept of internet. Professor Kleinrock demonstrated sending ofRead MoreSkype: SWOT Analysis1135 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Skype was founded in Estonia, but is now headquartered in Luxembourg (about.skype.com, 2012). The company had originally filed with the Securities Exchange Commission a Form S-1, applying to be eligible to list ADRs on American stock exchanges. Instead of an IPO, however, Skype was purchased by Microsoft for $8.5 billion in 2011. Skype had previously been purchased by eBay in 2005 for $3.1 billion, a deal that is largely considered a failure (Sarno, 2011). As a result of the deal, Skype becameRead MoreReview of Basic Questions Chapter 9 Essay686 Words   |  3 PagesTransmission Control Protocol (TCP) Internet Protocol (IP) 4. What are IP addresses called that begin with 10,172.161 or 192.168? Private IP addresses 5. In what class is the IP address 185.75.255.10 ? Class B 6. In what class is the IP address 193.200.30.5? Class C 7. Describe the difference between public and private IP addresses. If a network is using private IP addresses, how can the computers on that network access the internet? Public IP addresses are available for use on the Internet privateRead MoreImportance of Computer Literacy1567 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of Computer Literacy Computer literacy is having up to date knowledge of computers and their capabilities. One of the more popular aspects of the computer is the use of the internet. The internet is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals. It was originally started by the Pentagon for scientists and military to put information and their studies on a network that was easily shared with one anotherRead MoreThe Course, Management Information Systems Is About The1687 Words   |  7 Pageslook at our history and future of computer hardware and information systems in regards to the way we conduct business. This paper will touch on topics such as technology management, technology innovations, telecommunications and internet technology, voice recognition, internet tracking, artificial intelligence, and organizational change. These topics impact the way our economy deals with business and how the advancements in techno logy have affected those outcomes, as well as, how we deal with implementingRead MoreThe Internet : The Most Important Invention Of The Internet1404 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of the Internet The most significant invention of humanity. What is the greatest invention in humanity? There are many things people think of like computers, cars, electricity etc.†¦ However, there is one invention that many people use every day from watching a movie, sending or checking emails and looking up complex or simple questions etc. without this piece of technology the world would be in a different place. This piece of technology is called the internet. The internet is one of the

Women Before and After the Pahlavi Period in Iran

Women Before and After the Pahlavi Period In Iran Hashem Alshakhas December 11 2013 Table of Contents Section Page Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 Rise of Reza and Muhammad Shah†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 The first Pahlavi period- Reza Shah†¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Modernization, unveiling and clash with the citizens†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 The second Pahlavi period- Muhammad Shah†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 After The Islamic Revolution †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..19 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..21 Introduction It has been more†¦show more content†¦Reza Shah paid a visit to Ankara to benefit from Ataturk’s experience. The intentions of Reza Shah were the same as Ataturk’s intentions in turkey; he was working on paralyzing the role of Islam in the society and on banning the hijab among other things. Reza shah then forbade the Imam Hussain consolation gatherings. After he banned clerics from wearing turbans in 1935 and forced them to wear western style clothing, in 1936, he officially banned hijab and later on stopped working by the Islamic calendar. He also gave his official orders to stop condolences rituals in Ashura (10th day of the holy month of Muharram) and banned Friday prayers speeches and banned religious teachings at schools. For her part, Reza Shahs wife entered the Maisuma mosque in Qom without wearing the hijab, and when the mosques servant asked her to put on clothes that are suitable with her entry to the mosque, he was brutally beaten by her bodyguards. Among all things, Shah Reza was preparing his son Mohammed Reza to assume power after him. So for that reason, his son studi ed at the military school in Iran and then continued his education in Austria. After he returned, he started to deal with politics under the supervision of his father who was always supporting him. As reassurance and as a way to further hold on to his throne with a tighter grip, he wanted to reinforce his kingdom through the marriage relationships with other kingdoms,Show MoreRelatedWomen s Rights And Political Regimes1437 Words   |  6 Pagesexception in Iran, where the struggle between modernization and keeping the old traditional Islamic values has been a main focus between political leaders. Throughout the decade’s, women in Iran have experienced many changes and challenges regarding their rights and freedoms. Women’s rights in Iran have varied with the changed in leader and regime for decades. Each regime has dictated every aspect of women’s lives, from voting to their daily outfit; without their contribution or approval. Women in IranianRead MoreThe American Of The Persian Gulf1480 Words   |  6 PagesPersian Gulf. We had oil, but not enough money to extract and refine the oil. The big bucks British did though. They were given a lot of profit from this and had freedom to extract all the Iranian oil that they pleased. This maddened the people of Iran. They watched their Shah and these British business men become filthy rich while the rest of the country was dirt poor. Our hopes were raised when our Iranian Prime Minister Mosaddegh took over the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. We all loved Mosaddegh’sRead MoreIr A Country With A Rich History1677 Words   |  7 PagesIran is a country with a rich history that stretches back to the formation of the Persian Empire in 550 BC. It is important to discuss the history of Iran when viewing its current state of politics because over this vast period of time there was a distinct set of rule that had just ended less than forty years ago. From 550 BC to 1979, Iran (formerly known as Persia, changed names in 1935) had been ruled by emperors, kings and shahs (Persian for ‘king of kings’), until the Iranian Revolution of 1979Read MoreEvents Leading up to the First Persian Gulf War1295 Words   |  5 Pages From 1880-1888, Iraq and Iran engaged in a conflict that resulted in much bloodshed without much of anything being resolved. This was known as the First Persian Gulf War, which started with the land and air invasion of Iran by Iraq on September 22, 1980. The authoritarian president of the Republic of Iraq during this time period was Saddam Hussein, who was best known for his extreme violation of human rights. Ruhollah Khomeini led the Islamic Republic of Iran after the conclusion of the 1979 IranianRead MoreWhy The Iranian Revolution Occur During A Time Of National Progress And Prosperity?1965 Words   |  8 Pageseconomically stable nation as Iran to have its government overthrown. The scope of this investigation is the events throughout the 20th century that put the family of monarch Mohammad Reza Pahlavi into power and the family’s fall from power, but more focused on the latter. It’s important to see how the Pahlavi family rose to p ower to understand the condition of the monarchy and what changed between the reigns of the different monarchs. Shiva Balaghi’s A Brief History of 20th-Century Iran is a valuable resourceRead MoreWomen s Rights Throughout Marjane Satrapi s Persepolis And History Essay2310 Words   |  10 PagesPersepolis and History: 1979-1995 Before the Iranian Revolution, many women in Iran took possession of many basic opportunities and rights. These rights included the ability to wear less of full coverage clothing, freedom of speech, a much better equality standing with men, having the Family Protection Law, all while making progress in participation of education. In 1925 when Reza Shah Pahlavi came into power, life in Iran took a conservative turn for all of the women and their rights. Over the courseRead MoreThe Effects of the Iranian Hostage Crisis1117 Words   |  5 PagesState’s complex relationship with Iran. The effects on both the US and Iran were astronomical, especially politically as well as economically and socially. It took a heavy toll on American relations with the Middle East and changed the way we engage in foreign affairs. In light of this crisis, Iran started an international war that we are still fighting thirty-two years later. The complexity of America’s relationship with Iran increased steadily beginning in 1908, when Iran struck oil. The Shah, the kingRead MoreThe Iranian Revolution 732 Words   |  3 PagesLongevity and positive outcomes are what determine whether a revolution is successful or not. This is not the case for Iran. Since the revolution, Iran has been economically, politically, and socially unstable. With an economy dependent on oil, a natural source whose production is unpredictable, stability is simply unattainable. With the same leader for a long period of time, not much can change politically. Oppositions and revolts can happen and disrupt the social lives of Iranian citizens. AlthoughRead MoreChanging Identities in Iran2923 Words   |  12 Pagesimage of the Middle-East. In the case of Iran, this is especially true. Similarly to many other states in the Middle-East, Iran’s past can be characterized by perpetual ideological conflict, rivaling tribal factions and a diffi culty in sustaining a lasting identity. In contrast, however, Iran was among several developing nations to escape direct colonialism.[1] Nevertheless, â€Å"economic domination and imperial manipulation describe Europe’s relationship with Iran for much of the century leading up toRead MoreThe Revolution : An Overview2315 Words   |  10 Pageshas led to such an event-their leader s name being the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. These protestors were left-leaning university students, middle-class Iranians, as well as Islamic fundamentalists who supported Khomeini, who ultimately claimed the crown of leadership himself in his own image. Bottom line is the people who hated the Shah were all kinds of Iranians that could be found, on these streets and elsewhere in Iran (Cohen). The demonstrations did however begin two years earlier, in the year

Locke and Hobbes on Revolution Free Essays

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and John Locke (1632-1706) belonged to the same generation of philosophers.   However, both philosophers viewed English Revolution differently.   Hobbes had experienced the English Revolution as a time of brutality. We will write a custom essay sample on Locke and Hobbes on Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Thence, the philosopher compared the revolution to what he referred to as the â€Å"state of nature† (or, a state of primitiveness). This state was ruthless and uncouth.   Hobbes believed that revolutions were similarly a negative state, and in order to guard itself against the malice of revolutions, society needed a strong king and strict governance, somewhat akin to the Panopticon state of Michel Foucault.   Locke, on the other hand, lauded the concept of revolution as a necessity during times of governmental disturbance.   In other words, the philosopher with a good view of revolution believed in dismantling the government if it does not work (â€Å"Locke and Hobbes†). Sharp (2006) explains the difference between Locke’s and Hobbes’ viewpoints on revolution thus: At least part of the difference between Hobbes and Locke can be attributed to their  historical circumstances.   Hobbes witnessed the English Civil War, which destroyed every  opportunity for happiness for many people.   His all-powerful state must have seemed like the  lesser of two evils, since it would at least be stable and life would not devolve into anarchy.  Ã‚   Locke, however, witnessed the Glorious Revolution, where the government was completely  changed without bloodshed. For him, revolution must not have seemed like such a terrible  thing.   Most likely, both views are too extreme.   Revolution is usually a costly endeavor, since  those in power rarely relinquish it willingly.   However, the possibility or revolution is a key   part of maintaining rights, since an all-powerful government could suppress our rights without  fear of repercussion. Hobbes, being senior to Locke in age and experience, had apparently seen a bloody war that Locke had not been a witness of.   Thus, the views of the philosophers differed with respect to the English Revolution.   Had Locke also lived through the English Civil War, he might have been bitter about the idea of revolution as well.   Nevertheless, it is important to note that both philosophers believed in human rights.   Locke was not a violent agitator.   Furthermore, it is clear that his philosophy on revolution was written with ultimate peace in mind. Locke wrote about â€Å"abuse of power by the government† as a reason for a revolution.   In order to serve justice, he considered it ethical for citizens to fight for their rights, even if they must fight the government for the same reason.   In Locke’s view, â€Å"rebellion† was a necessity at times of governmental corruption and dissidence.   Besides, in the perspective of the philosopher, the people could be trusted to make decisions as regards civil rights.   The important matter to consider remained, however, that people could achieve â€Å"restoration of their rights† via a revolution (Kemerling, 2000). Locke’s philosophy on revolution makes the kinds of allowances for the common people that Hobbes’ philosophy does not allow for.   In the latter’s view, revolutions are bad because they lead to bloodshed.   So therefore, governments should be strong enough to rule the people without letting them express their agitation in any form whatsoever. Locke’s philosophy can debate with Hobbes’ view quite simply by claiming that the victims of bloodshed are usually the common people; and if they are the ones taking responsibility for a revolution, they are the ones also responsible for guarding their safety at all costs during a revolution.   Governments that try to quell public rebellion through military violence are bad in any case.   Hence, the public is right in demolishing such governments.   At the same time, the public must protect itself from the agitation of the government during a revolution. Thus Locke’s philosophy of revolution allows for public liberty unlike Hobbes’ philosophy, which is similar to the Panopticon.   Michel Foucault’s (1995) Panopticism begins with a detailed description of the measures to be taken against a seventeenth century plague. The government was meant to exercise absolute control over all citizens during such time, as spaces were to be partitioned and houses were to be closed off.   Stray animals were to be killed, and human beings were to be advised that they could only leave town if they wanted to be killed too.   Moreover, guards were to be put on duty to keep a constant eye on the people.   Every guard was to be informed that â€Å"if he leaves the street, he will be condemned to death.† The government aimed to create a pure and disciplined community through these orders.   What is more, as Foucault points out, it was a â€Å"political dream† to create such an obedient community, even for a brief period of time.   Such an obedient community happens to be a model for other communities and other times.   This plagued community was further marked by: †¦strict divisions; not laws transgressed, but the penetration of regulation into even the  smallest details of everyday life through the mediation of the complete hierarchy that assured  the capillary functioning of power; not masks that were put on and taken off, but the  assignment to each individual of his ‘true’ name, his ‘true’ place, his ‘true’ body, his ‘true’  disease.   The plague as a form, at once real and imaginary, of disorder had as its medical and  political correlative discipline.   Behind the disciplinary mechanisms can be read the haunting  memory of ‘contagions’, of the plague, of rebellions, crimes, vagabondage, desertions, people  who appear and disappear, live and die in disorder. The Panopticon state is the literal embodiment of Hobbes’ philosophy of government.   Totally unlike Locke’s state of freedom, which is equal to democracy in present times, Hobbes’ is a restrictive state with police control at best.   From these two differing philosophies of government arise two dissimilar, defining concepts of revolution.   People through history have found it difficult to believe in both at the same time.   To answer their concerns, both Hobbes and Locke advise their readers and thinkers to use their reason in changing or adopting a form of government (Sharp). References Focault, Michel. (1995). Panopticism. Retrieved 20 May 2007, from c. Kemerling, Garth. (2000). Locke: Social Order. Philosophy Pages. Retrieved 20 May 2007, from http://www.philosophypages.com/hy/4n.htm. Locke and Hobbes, Two Contrasting Views of the English Revolution. Retrieved 20 May 2007, from http://www.iun.edu/~hisdcl/h114_2002/Locke%20and%20Hobbes.htm. Sharp, Robert. (2006, September 5). Hobbes Vs. Locks: A Question of Rights. Retrieved 20 May 2007, from http://philosophy.suite101.com/article.cfm/hobbes_vs__locke.       How to cite Locke and Hobbes on Revolution, Essay examples

Injunction Essays - Intellectual Property Law, Trademark Dilution

Injunction CBS Broadcasting, Inc. v. VanityMail Services, Inc. Federal Trademark Infringement- Likelihood of Consumer Confusion (Lanham Act ?43(a)) a) Section 4 (a) provides that the plaintiff must prove the following: 1) that the defendant's domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in which the plaintiff has rights; and 2) the defendant has no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the domain name; and 3) the domain name has been registered and is being used in bad faith. Under this section of the act, the court must first evaluate whether or not the defendant's domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in which the plaintiff has rights. In evaluating the likelihood of confusion, the court may look at a variety of factors. Some of these may include: similarity of sight, sound or meaning between marks, the strength of the plaintiff's mark, the defendant's intent or bad faith in adopting a similar mark, the proximity or relatedness of goods, instances of consumers' actual confusion, marketing channels, the sophistication of goods, and the likelihood of expansion. The marks in question are identical in sound, meaning and spelling. The plaintiff is the registered owner of the US service mark 48 Hours and device in Class 41 for television news program services. The defendant is the registered owner of www.48Hours.com. They differ only in sight for the defendant's logo is featured in differing font and color from that of Plaintiff's. The strength of Plaintiff's mark is unquestionable. They have asserted 12 years of use of the 48 hours mark. Throughout the United States they have vast notoriety as a television news program. ?The more likely a mark is to be remembered and associated in the public mind with the mark's owner, the greater protection the mark is accorded by trademark laws.? (Kenner Parker Toys Inc. v. Rose Art Indus., Inc.,) In terms of the defendant's intent or bad faith, they were aware of the existence of the television news show prior to the conception of their 48 Hours.com business plans. (This was declared by the admissions of the principals of VanityMail to having watched the plaintiff's news program.) With this information, they proceeded to register the mark. It is unclear as to what the defendant's intent was in choosing this domain name. None of their services relate to any 48-hour theme of any sort. There is no evidence of Defendant's bad faith in using the name. The proximity of the goods supplied by the two parties in question are worlds apart. The plaintiff supplies broadcasting services and promotional merchandise. The defendant provides yacht services. There are no reported instances of any actual consumer confusion. The plaintiff has not suffered any known damage due to Defendant's use of the mark. The two parties do share the same marketing channels. In GoTo.com, Inc., v. The Walt Disney Company, the plaintiff sought a preliminary injunction because Defendant's commercially used logo on the World Wide Web was remarkably similar to Plaintiff's. The court found that, ?the Web, as a marketing channel, is particularly susceptible to a likelihood of confusion since, ?it allows for competing marks to be encountered at the same time, on the same screen.? As for sophistication, any competent computer user may be able to access a web site. The GoTo case also found that ?Navigating amongst web sites involves practically no effort whatsoever, and arguments that Web users exercise a great deal of care before clicking hyperlinks is unconvincing.? The final issue of the likelihood of expansion may be addressed by the defendant's presently poster logo, which reads ?Coming Soon: A Unique Experience for Discerning Tastes.? Additionally, at the bottom of the screen, there is a notation stating ?Please direct any inquiries about our upcoming service to Obviously, the defendant does have plans for expansion of some sort. b) For the above-stated reasons, the plaintiff should not be granted preliminary injunction on the basis of this claim. GoTo.com, Inc., v. The Walt Disney Company, found that use of remarkably similar trademarks on different web sites creates a likelihood of confusion amongst Web users.? Federal trademark infringement guidelines state that the plaintiff must establish all 3 requirements listed above. The plaintiff is able to